Free content defined

This tutorial is a freely licensed work, as explained in the Definition of Free Cultural Works.

Media

A message from Erik Möller Erik Möller of the Wikimedia Foundation and Open Progress explains the Definition of Free Cultural Works, and why it matters to the global community. Click on the audio link below to start the download of the audio file. Not recommended for dialup connections! Or download the Audio clip for playback on your desktop.

Creators of free content are encouraged to use this reference to the definition. What constitutes free content can become confusing, especially where digital content is concerned, therefore we recommend that you study this resource carefully.

Education and sharing of knowledge

<kaltura-widget align="R" size="L" kalturaid="eoaqykzixw" /> The sharing of knowledge is not a new phenomenon. In our daily lives, we share knowledge freely, including:

• when a parent intervenes in the upbringing of child; or
• when a teacher presents a lesson;
• when a student uses what he/she has learned and adapts it to his/her local context.

Fortunately, when we share knowledge, we can still use it for our own benefit and use.

Knowledge grows with reuse. Therefore, it is considered sustainable and scalable.

Sadly, much of the world's knowledge is locked behind restrictive copyright provisions - and much of this knowledge is inaccessible and unaffordable, particularly for the majority of citizens in the developing world. Moreover, these copyright provisions have not kept pace with advances in digital technology.

We invite you to view the short video of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Vice Chancellor of the University of the Western Cape in South Africa on the importance of freedom in education during the opening of the Digital Freedom Exposition, held in Cape Town, 2007.

For those of us who believe that education is a common good (and are interested in working together in the creation of free content for education), these advances in digital technology and collaborate authoring software are timely and welcome. WikiEducator is building on the experiences of the free software movement and a few smart licensing options designed to protect the freedom of content resources, to make considerable progress in achieving our #1 Strategic Goal: a free version of the education curriculum by 2015.

The WikiEducator Tutorials are designed to support you in acquiring the skills to help us achieve our Strategic Goal.

Defining free content (Free Cultural Works)

Village school in the Sudan

The Free Cultural Works Logo

The definition of Free Cultural Works is based on the premise that the easier it is to re-use and derive works, the richer our cultures become.

The Definition of Free Cultural Works is a project, not unlike the Free Software Definition, which set out to resolve the ambiguity associated with the concept of "free content".

There is growing international interest in the concept of "Open Educational Resources" (OERs) [1], which was first adopted at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries. However, not all resources that carry the label of OERs meet the requirements of the Free Cultural Works (Free Content) definition. Therefore it is necessary to clarify what we mean by free content.

The WikiEducator community subscribes to the Free Cultural Works Definition and it is important for contributors in this community to know what we mean by free content.

Requirements of the free content definition

In order for a resource to meet the requirements of the free content definition, it must:

1. Meet all the requirements specified below, that is the essential freedoms, permissible restrictions and additional technical requirements; and
2. It must carry a free content license, which is a legal instrument whereby the legal owner of the resource grants specific freedoms in accordance with the requirements of the free content definition below. We will cover selected examples of acceptable free content licenses in the next subsection of the tutorial.

These are the requirements of the Free Cultural Works Definition:

Essential freedoms

Key points

Essential freedoms In order to be recognized as "free" under this definition, a license must grant the following freedoms without limitation: The freedom to use and perform the work: The licensee must be allowed to make any use, private or public, of the work. For kinds of works where it is relevant, this freedom should include all derived uses ("related rights") such as performing or interpreting the work. There must be no exception regarding, for example, political or religious considerations. The freedom to study the work and apply the information: The licensee must be allowed to examine the work and to use the knowledge gained from the work in any way. The license may not, for example, restrict "reverse engineering". The freedom to redistribute copies: Copies may be sold, swapped or given away for free, as part of a larger work, a collection, or independently. There must be no limit on the amount of information that can be copied. There must also not be any limit on who can copy the information or on where the information can be copied. The freedom to distribute derivative works: In order to give everyone the ability to improve upon a work, the license must not limit the freedom to distribute a modified version (or, for physical works, a work somehow derived from the original), regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications. However, some restrictions may be applied to protect these essential freedoms or the attribution of authors

Permissible restrictions

Key points

Permissible Restrictions Apart from these allowed restrictions, the license must not include clauses that limit essential freedoms. Especially, it must not specify any usage restrictions (such as prohibiting commercial use of the work, restricting use depending on political context, etc.). Attribution of authors: Attribution protects the integrity of an original work, and provides credit and recognition for authors. A license may therefore require attribution of the author or authors, provided such attribution does not impede normal use of the work. For example, it would not be acceptable for the license to require a significantly more cumbersome method of attribution when a modified version of the licensed text is distributed. Transmission of freedoms: The license may include a clause, often called copyleft or share-alike, which ensures that derivative works themselves remain free works. To this effect, it can for example require that all derivative works are made available under the same free license as the original. Protection of freedoms: The license may include clauses that strive to further ensure that the work is a free work, notably by enforcing some of the conditions specified in the paragraphs below: for example, access to source code, or prohibition of technical measures restricting essential freedoms.

Additional conditions

Key points

Additional conditions While adhering to the essential freedoms, a specific work may be non-free in other ways that restrict the essential freedoms. These are the additional conditions in order for a work to be considered free: Availability of source data: Where a final work has been obtained through the compilation or processing of a source file or multiple source files, all underlying source data should be available alongside the work itself under the same conditions. This can be the score of a musical composition, the models used in a 3D scene, the data of a scientific publication, the source code of a computer application, or any other such information. Use of a free format: For digital files, the format in which the work is made available should not be protected by patents, unless a world-wide, unlimited and irrevocable royalty-free grant is given to make use of the patented technology. While non-free formats may sometimes be used for practical reasons, a free format copy must be available for the work to be considered free. No technical restrictions: The work must be available in a form where no technical measures are used to limit the freedoms enumerated above. No other restrictions or limitations: The work itself must not be covered by legal restrictions (patents, contracts, etc.) or limitations (such as privacy rights) which would impede the freedoms enumerated above. A work may make use of existing legal exemptions to copyright (in order to cite copyrighted works), though only the portions of it which are unambiguously free constitute a free work.

Activity

A few Open Education Resource (OER) projects are listed below. Visit their respective websites and assess whether the projects meet the requirements of the free content definition: Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT's) OpenCourseWare initiative; Connexions hosted by Rice University; OER Commons

MIT's OpenCourseWare project does not meet the requirements of the free content definition - because it uses a non-commercial restriction in its license. Furthermore, there are closed format files included in many of the resources which do not meet the additional conditions listed above. Connexions content does meet the requirements of the definition. The OER Commons is a portal which directs users to resources on the web. The portal contains numerous resources, but not all meet the requirements of the free content definition. The resources are searchable by conditions of use.

This brings us to the important topic of licensing which will be covered in the next subsection.

|