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Resource Bank

	Topic	Context	Resource	Student Comment	Name
0 ☆	psychological challenges in gymnastics(Task2)	gymnastics	The science of gymnastics. 2011.	Psychological challenges in gymnastics may be summarized in two different categories: Performance related and environment related challenges. Fear control is the most frequent performance related challenge. Fear is a matter that most of the gymnasts have to overcome. Gymnastic champions should perform difficult routines and skills and they are always faced with fear. Another performance challenge in gymnastics is concentration. Concentration is an important issue especially in events like balance beam in women’s gymnastics and pommel horse in men’s gymnastics. One second of losing concentration may lead to a catastrophe. Although other mental skills like self-confidence, motivation, goal-setting play an important role in gymnastics, but as I’ve experienced and according to scientific articles fear control and concentration are the most important performance related challenges. Also there are challenges related to environment .for example pressure from family and their expectation is important challenge too. Sometimes parents force their interests and goals to their children and make them practice so hard.	Parisa Rastegar
0 ☆	The Relationship between Role Ambiguity and Athlete Satisfaction	Team Sports, Role Ambiguity, Athlete Satisfaction	Relations between Role Ambiguity and Athletes' Satisfaction among Team Handball Players. 2007.	This study aims to focus on the relationship between role ambiguity and athlete satisfaction among team handball players. Role ambiguity was defined as the lack of clear, consistent information that is associated with a person’s position. The questionnaire used in the study to measure role ambiguity was The Role Ambiguity Scale (RAS) consisting of four subscales which are: (a) scope of responsibilities, (b) role behaviours, (c) role evaluation, and (d) role consequences. Chelladurai and Riemer (1997) defined athlete satisfaction as a positive affective state resulting from a complex evaluation of the structures, processes, and outcomes associated with the athletic experience. In this study, the Scale of Athlete Satisfaction was used to measure two aspects of athlete satisfaction: (a) leadership, and (b) personal outcome. Participants were 169 Greek team handball players. They've spent on average 4.9 years with their respective teams and their professional playing experience was 5.4 years. The initial hypotheses of this study was: (1) role ambiguity dimensions (subscales) are negatively related to athlete satisfaction dimensions, and (2) the Scope of Responsibilities dimension will have the most effect in terms of athlete satisfaction. Results indicated that the initial hypotheses are proven to be validated. The findings supported that role ambiguity does have a negative relationship to athletes’ satisfaction and that the Scope of Responsibilities dimension does seem to have the strongest impact towards athletes’ satisfaction. The results have also shown that the overall means of ambiguity are above average which signals high role clarity and therefore lower role ambiguity. Personally, I believe this study is beneficial in terms of enriching the context regarding satisfaction that is specifically directed towards athletes. There are however some suggestions that I can recommend to advance this research on, for example, further studies are needed to examine players who has spent time in their team for a shorter period of time, i.e. less than 2 years. Also, perhaps the research can be conducted in the middle of the season instead of towards the end. That way, players will not have a chance to reflect back on the coach’s decisions hence questioning their role in the team a little more haphazardly. Another research can also be conducted to exclusively examine role ambiguity in those with on-field defensive roles. Scope of research can also be stretched further by scrutinizing athletes’ role ambiguity in other forms of team sports such as football or basketball to further the impact of role ambiguity towards satisfaction in the sporting world.	Nurwini Meliza Putik Siahaan
0 ☆	Mental training	Combat sports	PERCEPTIONS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF PSYCHOLOGY TO SUCCESS IN ELITE KICKBOXING, Tracey J Devonport. 2006.	Through the use of semi-structured interviews, participants identified seven mental skills that they believed to be linked to success in kickboxing: 1) effective use of self-talk, 2) relaxation, 3) heightened concentration, 4) self-regulation of arousal, 5) goal setting, 6) coping with being hit, and 7) imagery. Three psychological characteristics were also identified by all participants as contributing to success: 1) high self-efficacy, 2) high motivation and 3) mental toughness. Key findings of the study data were discussed in terms of long-term strategies and short-term strategies, including specific consideration of strategies for : 1) pre-competition, 2) competition and 3) post-competition respectively. It is interesting to reflect on the extent to which these factors might be equally relevant to successful performance in non-combat sports. Another important point to emerge from the study: practices concerning the mental preparation for a fight varied considerably among participants. Each participant possessed individualized pre-competition and competition practices intended to optimize their mental preparation for competition. This concurs with past research which suggests that psychological techniques used by athletes need to be tailored for the individual. Further, the author made the point that psychological skills training should be integrated within physical skills training and rehearsed during training and simulated competition. Overall, the results of the study demonstrate the need to integrate mental skills training into physical training to optimise training effectiveness....a principle that is probably applicable to optimising performance in all sports.	Jim Taylor
0 ☆	Self-modeling	Novice Athletes, Beach Volleyball, Coaching Methods	The Effect of Self-Modeling on Skill Learning and Self Efficacy of Novice Female Beach-Volleyball Players. 2008.	This article compares two coaching approaches regarding skill learning, performance and self-efficacy when teaching novice athletes basic beach volleyball skills. Participants were randomly assigned to either a self-modeling or traditional coaching group. Whereas the players received standard verbal instructions and feedback in the latter one, players in the self-modeling group were video-recorded and observed their execution of the newly learnt skills twice a practice, receiving verbal additional verbal instructions at the same time. Results show a significant better performance and self-efficacy for participants of the self-modeling group, which can be explained by the social-cognitive-learning theory, “according to which human functions are a product of reciprocal interactions between behavior, environmental variables and various cognitive and personal factors” (Schunk, 1989). The results of this study imply that self-modeling can be considered a very effective way of coaching novice athletes; further studies should examine effects on higher level athletes and possible interactions with the intrinsic motivation of an individual.	Svenja Wachsmuth
0 ☆	Goal setting	Coach education	Making Goals Effective: A Primer for Coaches. 2010.	This paper is a review article on how coaches can help their athletes set goals, and achieve them. It offers much practical insight into working with coaches on planning and implementing a succesful goal setting program. This paper provides the sport psychologists and coaches alike with clear, theory-based guidelines for designing unique programs tailored for the demands of their immediate environments. Weinberg follows his suggestiosn up with a case study, which makes the content of the article very applicable.	Grzegorz Więcław
0 ☆	Academic, Athletic Activities and Personality Debelopment	Student Athletes, all sports	The Role of Simultaneous Pursuing of Academic and Athletic Activities over Youth in Personality Development. 2013.	This article shows the important role of pursuing both academics and athletic activities in personality development. It also shows that high-achievers athletes choose problem-focused coping strategy in dealing with stressful sporting situations which lead to personality and holistic development. The conceptual hypothesis of the research was formulated as follows: going in for sports in the course of acquiring education stimulates the personality self-efficacy dynamics that can be tapped by comparing the differences in personality characteristics of the participants with different levels of achievements in sports. This article demonstrated that the individuals who simultaneously pursuing sporting and academic activities have higher levels of personality resources to cope with stressful situations, and emotional intelligence.	Rhoy.landicho
0 ☆	Emotional regulation, comparison of coping and acceptance models	All sports, consulting	Understanding Models of Performance Enhancement from the Perspective of Emotion Regulation. Fall 2011.	The article discusses different approaches to performance enhancement through emotional regulation. It compares and contrasts the traditional psychological skills training approach that is based on the coping model with the more contemporary acceptance based approaches. The coping approach suggests that athletes need to gain certain skills in order to cope with stressful situations, while the acceptance approach seeks to modify athlete's relationship with internal experiences of stressful situations. The article discusses how both strategies can be used in adaptive and maladaptive ways and offers the guidelines for integrating both approaches to emotional regulation for optimal gains from mental training experience.	Rita Dekšnytė
0 ☆	Imagery and self-efficay beliefs in teamsports	Teamsports collective beliefs	THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMAGERY TYPE AND COLLECTIVE EFFICACY IN ELITE AND NON ELITE ATHLETES. 01 June, 2007.	The article describes the different types of imagery. And how elite athletes use imagery different from non-elite athletes. Imagery can be classified in different two types: a) Cognitive imagery - thinking about skills. Subtypes Cognitive Specific (CS), imagery that focuses on improving a specific motor skill; and Cognitive General (CG), imaginging strategies or plays for specific competitions. B) The motivational imagery functions include: Motivational Specific (MS), imagine success, achieving personal goals; Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M), which someone imagine being mentally tough and keeps confident in all circumstances, imagine overcome hard times in sport; and Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A),which is imagine feelings of relaxation, stress, arousal, and anxiety associated with sport. The findings suggest that elite players use more 'Motivational General-Mastery', compared to non-elite athletes. Secondly that this type of imagery has an positive effect on collective-efficacy beliefs. (beliefs that the team can perform succesfully). This suggests that using Motivational General-Mastery imagery, or thinking about staying confident in hard situation, will increase the confidence a person has about the performance of his team.	Yara Rietdijk
0 ☆	mental training	basketball	Benefits of Combined Mental and Physical Training in Learning a Complex Motor Skill in Basketball. 2013.	This article shows the important role of mental practice in learning a skill and improving performance in basketball. The lay-up shot is selected as a motor skill in this study, because it has a well-coded structure and accuracy is very important for its optimal execution. Sixty female university students participated in this study. They were divided into two groups. The experimental group (mental practice combined with conventional physical training) contains 35 students and control group (physical training alone) contains 25 students. The “Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire” (VMIQ) was used to assess imagery ability. The lay-up shot performance was evaluated through 5-point Likert scales which assessed five features of the movement: “Fluidity”, “Rhythm”, “Coordination”, “Step Accuracy” and “Balance Landing”. Participants in experimental group were instructed to mentally practice 3 times a week. Each mental practice session consisted of five repetitions and lasted 10 minutes and they received a mp3 file containing audio instructions which were designed to facilitate mental rehearsal of the lay-up shot. Participants assigned to the control group received half-an hour physical training, two times per week for four weeks (The other group also received this amount of physical training). The results showed significant effect of training condition on “Coordination” and “Step Accuracy”, whereas the other three features of the movement (“Fluidity”, “Rhythm” and “Balance Landing”) did not significantly differ between the two conditions. Findings indicate that combined mental and physical practice can improve performance of a closed sport task.so it suggests coaches to use such combined protocols to improve their athletes performance. Furthermore, findings indicate the feasibility and accuracy of using video-based analysis of movement in the assessment of motor performance improvements.	Parisa Rastegar
0 ☆	sport anxiety	Rugby	The relationship between anxiety and shoulder injuries among South African university and club rugby players. 2012.	The article showed that collegiate rugby players who suffered a shoulder injury within a year posted a significantly higher sport anxiety compared to non-injured athletes. Furthermore, injured athletes who adhered to a strength and conditioning program were less anxious than their counterpart. However, no significance in anxiety was discovered between pre-rehabilitation program adherent and non-adherent athletes. When logistic regression was performed on the prediction of shoulder injury, only anxiety significantly contributed to the model. This article supports the need for psychological intervention in collegiate rugby athletes which may possibly lead to reduction in shoulder injury.	Jcpagaduan
0 ☆	mood profiling	Judo	MOOD PROFILING DURING OLYMPIC QUALIFYING JUDO COMPETITION: A CASE STUDY TESTING TRANSACTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. 2006.	This case study investigated relationships between personality, mood states changes, coping strategies, self-set goals, and self-efficacy in an elite judo player. A conceptual model was used to understand these relationships. The model posited that stable personality traits moderate the interpretation of situational factors to influence changes in mood states. Mood was shown to fluctuate before and after the various bouts in which he competed, demonstrating its transient nature. After losing his third contest, he reported symptoms of Depressed mood and indicated using self-blame as a coping strategy during the contest. Before the fourth contest, he coped by using planning and increasing effort. These coping strategies were associated with reductions in Depressed mood and increases in Vigor. After finding out his next contest was against a former World Championship bronze medalist, self-set goals became performance and process with no outcome goal. On losing this contest, scores on the Anger and Depression subscales increased sharply, Fatigue scores increased slightly and Tension and Vigor reduced. Self-blame was used as a coping strategy when experiencing unpleasant emotions. Findings suggest that self-blame was associated with negative psychological states comprising depressed mood. Increasing effort and planning were associated with positive psychological states. This article shows the complex relationship between how the judo player feels and how he tries to cope during competitions. It also shows the value of mood profiling with elite athletes.	Prof Dr Peter C Terry