BaCCC/Module 3/Lesson 3/Part 2

Resolving climate injustice

Learning about climate justice is crucial because it helps us understand the intersection between climate change and social inequality. As you now know, climate change is a global issue that affects everyone, but its impacts are not distributed equally. Marginalised communities, such as low-income communities and communities of colour, are disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate change, such as natural disasters, displacement and health problems.

Climate justice seeks to address these disparities and promote fairness and equity in addressing climate change. By learning about climate justice, we can recognise the social, economic and political factors that contribute to these inequalities and work to promote policies and actions that prioritise the needs and voices of the most vulnerable populations. By learning (and teaching others) about climate justice, we can engage in meaningful conversations and take action to create a more just and liveable future.

Earlier, we determined not only who is responsible for climate injustice, but who is responsible for responding to climate injustice. Here are some strategies for each of the groups we listed above.

1. Wealthy nations

“	To achieve climate justice, rich nations must acknowledge their historical culpability for creating this crisis and take steps to make amends.	”
—Global Witness (2021)

What Is Climate Justice?

Overall, wealthy nations have a responsibility to answer to their historical culpability (guiltiness) for creating the climate crisis, compensate for their historical contributions to climate change and take concrete steps to address the impacts of climate change while ensuring climate justice for all.

According to the Cambridge Sustainability Commission Report on Scaling Behaviour Change (Newell et al., 2021), wealthy nations can (and must) do the following:

• Take responsibility: Wealthy nations must take responsibility for their role in causing climate change and then commit to urgent and ambitious action to address it. This can include meeting the emission reduction targets they have been setting for decades (the first international climate change conference was in the 1970s), supporting international climate agreements (and not attending them if they are going to block progress) and engaging in global co-operation to take on the problem. This might also mean accepting climate change refugees in humane ways.

• Reduce emissions: Wealthy nations need to take significant steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, as their emissions are so much higher than those of un(der)developed nations. This can be done not only by transitioning to clean energy sources and reducing energy consumption but also by acknowledging that the climate emergency is the greatest threat ever and making war-time sacrifices while mobilising for the greater good of the whole world.

• Support developing nations: Wealthy nations can provide financial and technical assistance to developing nations to help them transition to a low-carbon economy and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This can include supporting renewable energy projects, providing climate finance and sharing technology and knowledge.

• Pay reparations: Wealthy nations can provide financial reparations to countries and communities that have been most affected by climate change. This can include funding for the most robust adaptation measures, compensation for loss and damage, and support for climate migrants.

• Take radical action: This means initiating difficult conversations about limits and regulating the production of polluting goods in the first place. For example, wealthy nations could address advertising and the media’s role in encouraging high-consumption (carbon-intensive) behaviours, potentially by banning advertising, in other words, switching from a consumer culture to a conserver culture.

2. The wealthy within each nation

According to the Cambridge Report,

“	... the so-called ‘polluter elite’ that make up 1% of the global population are responsible for double the emissions of the world’s poorest 50% of people.	”
—Newell et al., 2021

The wealthy within each nation can (and must) do the following:

• Reduce their emissions: According to the Cambridge Report, the carbon emissions of the 1% need to be reduced to 30 times less than their current level by 2030! This will allow the world’s poorest 50% to increase their emissions by three times – “meaning that the ladder of cheap energy is not pulled up away from developing nations” after the wealthy have all benefited from it. This fact has been shared openly by news reports such as the one by SkyNews (2021) below. So, it is no secret!

Wealthiest Polluter Elite Are Driving Global Carbon Emissions Says New Report

• Divest from fossil fuels: The wealthy can divest their investment portfolios from fossil fuels. This would send a strong message to the fossil fuel industry, encouraging them to shift towards cleaner energy sources.

• Invest in renewable energy: The wealthy can use their financial resources to invest in renewable energy projects, such as wind, solar and geothermal power. This can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, as well as greenhouse gas emissions.

• Support climate activism: The wealthy can become patrons of climate activism and advocacy groups by funding their work to raise awareness about climate injustice and push for policy changes.

• Fund climate research: The wealthy can fund research on climate change and its impacts on marginalised populations. This can help scientists and policymakers develop effective solutions to climate injustice.

• Practise Philanthropy: The wealthy can donate to organisations that are working to address climate injustice. This can help provide resources to communities that are most affected by climate change and help fund solutions to reduce its impact.

• Fund climate reparations: The wealthy can fund climate reparations to compensate for the harm caused by climate change. This may include supporting communities in their own countries or internationally that have been most affected by climate change or funding adaptation programmes to help vulnerable populations prepare for the impacts of climate change.

• Embrace a low-carbon lifestyle: The wealthy can embrace a low-carbon lifestyle by downsizing their homes (and the number of homes they own), reducing air travel (for both personal and business reasons), consuming less meat (the livestock industry in industrialised nations is a major source of methane emissions) and vacationing closer to home (while thinking of those who have never been able to take a vacation). This can set an example for others to follow and help reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions.

• Use wealth for the public good: The wealthy can use their money, power and influence to push for and help fund public transportation, affordable housing and clean energy infrastructure. This would help reduce inequality and promote sustainable development.

• Advocate for systemic change: The wealthy can use their influence to advocate for systemic change in political and economic systems that perpetuate climate injustice. This may include pushing for policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainable practices and address environmental racism. (Okay, this one is a bit of a jest. The ultra-wealthy are not known for dismantling the system that perpetuates their own wealth, power and influence. But the 1% will not always be immune to the impacts of climate change, so . . .)

3. Corporations

“	As people around the globe have become increasingly exposed to the impacts of our climate crisis, the entities with perhaps the most power to stop the crisis – corporations – have begun to squirm.	”
—Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)

Recent research “identified that 100 energy companies have been responsible for 71% of all industrial emissions since human-driven climate change was officially recognised” (Axelrod, 2019). And this is not just about the energy sector:

According to self-reported numbers, the top 15 US food and beverage companies generate nearly 630 million metric tons of greenhouse gases every year. That makes this group of only 15 companies a bigger emitter than Australia, the world’s 15th largest annual source of greenhouse gases. — Axelrod (2019), Corporate Honesty and Climate Change: Time to Own up and Act

Corporations can (and must):

• Drastically reduce their greenhouse gas contributions as quickly as possible: That means reducing the greenhouse gas emissions throughout the full life cycle of their products, including

• • the raw materials and the processes to harvest, extract or refine them (upstream emissions)
  • the production emissions
  • the consumer’s emissions and eventual disposal of the product (downstream emissions)

• “Failing to account for or address these emissions means that the vast majority of greenhouse gases attributable to corporations and their products are falling outside of well-publicized corporate climate commitments” (Axelrod, 2019).

• Invest in innovation: Corporations should invest in research and development to create new, innovative solutions to address climate change. This could include developing new technologies for carbon capture and storage, promoting electrification and finding ways to reduce the carbon footprint of industrial processes (see Module 4 – Mitigation).

• Support climate policies: Corporations should support policies that promote a transition to a low-carbon economy. This could include advocating for carbon pricing, supporting regulations to reduce emissions, and investing in climate adaptation measures.

• Be transparent and accountable: Corporations should be transparent about their environmental impacts and report on their progress towards reducing their emissions. They should also be accountable for their actions and take responsibility for the environmental damage they have caused. They must pay the taxes that they owe. And once governments get serious about making the economy more life-affirming, corporations need to adopt the triple bottom line accounting system (accounting for social and environmental impacts before counting their profits) and pay their fair share of the ecological and health costs of their products and services – without complaint and without searching for loopholes.

• Support climate justice: Corporations should support efforts to promote climate justice and ensure that the costs and benefits of addressing climate change are distributed fairly. This could include investing in projects that benefit vulnerable communities, such as those affected by extreme weather events or those in low-income areas.

• Accept legal liability: More and more often, carbon-intensive corporations are being sued – by governments, children and youth, investors and environmental groups. They could nip these lawsuits in the bud by accepting legal liability for the social and environmental damage they have caused, providing financial compensation to affected communities to fund clean-up efforts and restore ecosystems, and providing support to those who have been impacted by climate change – and then lowering their production emissions.

Embrace degrowth: Instead of focusing solely on growth and profit, corporations could embrace the concept of degrowth, which advocates for a decrease in production and consumption to reduce environmental impact. This may involve promoting a circular economy, reducing waste, valuing quality and customer service over quantity and shifting towards more sustainable business models.

• Reduce executive compensation: The pay gap between CEOs (chief executive officers of businesses) and their employees has grown so much that a new term has been coined: “greedflation.” Corporations could choose to reduce executive compensation and redistribute the savings towards climate initiatives. Could this incentivise executives to prioritise sustainability over short-term profits and promote a more equitable distribution of wealth?

Corporations have a responsibility to take action to address the climate injustice they have caused. They really ought to play a key role in promoting a more sustainable and equitable future.

• 4. Older generations

Generational Genocide

Heating the planet kills people. The more time advances, the worse it gets. The worse it gets, the more people will die. Planetary heating is not an accident. It hasn’t happened by itself. The terms global warming, global heating or climate change do not make it obvious that the physical phenomenon is actually a consequence of deliberate actions. We have two separate processes taking place: the actions and the results. The planet is heating up – that’s the global heating – and then there are the acts of heating the planet. There are no words to describe these actions as a whole, and thus we have lacked tools for thinking about them as a specific phenomenon. Current overheating is maintained by the older generation, while those who will suffer are mostly the younger people. Changing the climate is an act of generational violence. Suppose the current plan of the older generation is fulfilled; as decades advance, hundreds of millions if not billions of people will die. Every young person, in one way or another, will suffer. We call the act of heating the planet a generational genocide. The older generation is responsible and guilty. As long as the everyday climate violence committed by parents against their children remains unrecognized, no significant and timely climate action will ever take place. The Truth About Generational Genocide

Given that everything should be examined through a climate justice or critical thinking lens (no, not every older person on the planet is responsible for the climate emergency), Keskinen makes sure to make the distinction clear in his essay: “Because practically every older person in any economically developed society partakes in some or all of [climate-damaging] activities, each older person in these societies is individually responsible for and guilty of committing the generational genocide.”

Keskinen’s group, TAGG, makes several suggestions for how older generations should be responding to intergenerational climate injustice.

Older generations can (and must) do the following:

• Stop funding the climate emergency: In the 1960s, some United States citizens stopped paying their taxes because those taxes were supporting the war in Vietnam. Today, our taxes help subsidise the fossil fuel industries. In 2019, the International Monetary Fund estimated that fossil fuel subsidies total $5.9 trillion every year around the world. Taxpayers could refuse to pay their taxes until these subsidies stop.

• Divest: This means pulling personal and institutional investments out of carbon-intensive companies and working with pension fund managers to get them to divest. After a career of contributing to the climate emergency, retired people then continue their devastation of the Earth and the climate through their fossil fuel investments. Keskinen calls this “repulsive, immoral behaviour.”

• Become radical conservers rather than consumers: Stop encouraging the consumer lifestyle that glorifies “generationally genocidal activities such as aviation, industrial animal agriculture, and motoring.” According to Keskinen, even our parents say that “the current heating of the planet is a wrong against their children and grandchildren – while they themselves carry on exactly the same as always.”

• Denounce intergenerational climate injustice: Break the silence! Many older people do not speak out because they do not want to alienate their friends or colleagues, or they do not want to feel bad about their past actions. But the life of every child alive today is going to be impacted by the climate emergency, and parents and other adults have the urgent responsibility to mitigate those impacts (make them less bad). One generation’s privilege of ignorance is not worth the lives of all future generations.

• Educate others: Although it is often the other way around when it comes to the climate emergency, older generations can also play a role in educating younger generations – or their own peers – about climate injustice and its outcomes. They can share their knowledge and experiences, provide guidance and support, and encourage young people to take action.

• Advocate for change: Older generations can use their influence to advocate for change at the local, national and international levels. They can participate in protests, write to their elected representatives and support organisations working to address climate change. They could run for office under an intergenerational equity and climate justice banner. Or they can find ways to include young voices in political and policymaking meetings.

• Support climate action for climate justice: Older generations can support youth efforts to promote climate justice, which aims to ensure that the costs and benefits of addressing climate change are distributed fairly. They can advocate for policies that prioritise the needs of vulnerable communities locally, such as those in low-income areas, or internationally for those who live in regions already being battered by climate chaos. Those in positions of power and influence must also ensure that young activists are not arrested, tried and jailed for their climate activism.

For some good news on adults doing the right thing, read about lawyers in the United Kingdom who are refusing to prosecute climate activists:

UK Lawyers Sign ‘Declaration of Conscience’ Not to Prosecute Peaceful Climate Protesters

Activity

In your learning journal, write a reflective paragraph on what your parents and grandparents have done to help mitigate and adapt to the climate emergency. Here are some writing prompts to get you going:

• Write about what you are grateful for and what else you wish the older adults around you would do.
• Write about how you are feeling about the climate crisis. Are you frightened by what is happening? Proud of what you have done (taking this course, for example, on your way to becoming a climate champion)? Empathetic towards those who are experiencing terrible climate change impacts already? Can the older generation help you with your feelings – or perhaps benefit from simply hearing about them?
• Are there ways you would like to contribute more to your family? Do you have ideas that you have not shared yet? (In Module 4, you will learn more about mitigation, and in Module 6, you will learn about adaptation and building resilience.)
• Where does your family stand on the climate justice spectrum?

5. Governments

Urban planning expert Jane Jacobs once said that the role of the government is to keep businesses from getting away with murder. When she first said that, she probably meant it metaphorically. “Governments have to prevent and pursue and punish business crime as far as they can. . . . You can put it in terms of combating piracy and combating fraud, false advertising, extortion, restraint of trade, phony auctions – anything of that sort,” she said.

Unraveling the True Nature of Economics

But nowadays, governments really do have to stop corporations (and other institutions) from getting away with murder. Economic activities are destabilising the climate, killing the biosphere and destroying the future.

What Is Climate Justice?

Watch the video What Is Climate Justice? (4:22, especially after 2:47).

What Is Climate Justice? (4:22)

(You can adjust the playback speed and/or turn on subtitles/captions.)

If you have trouble accessing the video, a summary is available below.

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“	The pandemic has shown us something we already know. Decision makers can be bold and act in the public interest when faced with a health crisis, which is exactly what this is.	”
—Seema Joshi, Director of Campaigns, Global Witness

Why Politicians Have Failed to Tackle Climate Change

If you are interested in more of the history of the role of governments (and corporations) in climate change, watch Why Politicians Have Failed to Tackle Climate Change (9:04).

Why Politicians Have Failed to Tackle Climate Change

(You can adjust the playback speed and/or turn on subtitles/captions.)

If you have trouble accessing the video, a summary is available below.

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Governments at all levels – municipal (local community), county/province/state/region, and national levels – as well as international organisations and institutions (World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund and World Bank) can and must do the following:

• Acknowledge the issue: Governments should first acknowledge the reality of climate injustice and accept responsibility for their role in contributing to it. This involves recognising the disproportionate impact of climate change on marginalised communities and future generations, and the ways in which current policies and practices contribute to this injustice.

• Adopt a climate emergency mindset: Governments need to adopt an emergency mobilisation mindset, treating the issue with the same urgency and resources as they would a natural disaster or a wartime crisis. This could involve allocating significant resources to climate mitigation and adaptation efforts and mobilising society to take immediate and sustained action to address climate change. Unfortunately, some governments declare the climate emergency but then carry on as before, approving fossil fuel projects and supporting them with public money. (Canada, we are looking at you!)

• Stop subsidising fossil fuel corporations: Imagine how much extra taxpayer money would be available not just for climate change solutions such as renewable energy projects, but for education and health care, etc., if governments stopped giving subsidies to the fossil fuel industries. Since the pandemic, the fossil fuel sector has made record profits selling products that are killing us. It is obvious that fossil fuel companies no longer need help from governments and taxpayers. It is time for them to stand on their own two feet.

• Introduce windfall profit taxes, wealth taxes and luxury carbon taxes: Carbon sales taxes on large automobiles, private jets or super yachts, and levies on airline business class or frequent fliers may deter some people from burning that carbon.

According to the Cambridge Sustainability Report (Newell et al., 2021), individual and systemic changes go hand in hand. To trigger a shift to more sustainable behaviours, policymakers and lawmakers must target the “polluter elite” while providing poorer households with affordable, accessible low-carbon alternatives (e.g., taxpayer-funded public transit).

Windfall taxes are government levies on corporations that are making record profits after benefiting from something they were not responsible for (a windfall). Having received subsidies from governments for over a century and never having to pay for their social (health) and environmental damage, fossil fuel companies then received bailouts during the pandemic. They are now reporting record earnings.

• Demilitarise: Everything about war and conflict is carbon-intensive. One of the lesser-discussed causes of climate change is the role of militarisation in exacerbating the problem. The military sector is one of the largest carbon emitters in the world, with its operations, infrastructure and equipment consuming vast amounts of fossil fuels. In addition, conflict and wars lead to the destruction of natural habitats and ecosystems, which further contributes to climate change. Demilitarisation is a critical step in addressing the global climate crisis, especially considering that all the countries in the world are going to have to work together to ensure the future of humanity.

• Change the corporate charter (or articles of incorporation): Right now, in most places, members of a company’s board of directors are directed to act “in the best interests of the company and the shareholders.” Unfortunately, this has almost always been interpreted to mean “make as much money as possible,” at all costs. If national governments around the world worked together to change the wording of the corporate charter, then all companies would have to put life and justice first, before profits.

 

• Hold companies accountable:

“	Governments need to introduce strong corporate accountability legislation to reduce the balance of power, which right now is stuck in the favour of corporations against communities and people. It is companies that have been the engines of the climate crisis.	”
—Nicki Becker, activist, Youth for Climate Argentina

Governments . . . must take legislative action to hold companies headquartered within their borders accountable for the harms they cause to both people and the environment overseas. That includes upholding the right of Indigenous peoples and communities safeguarding forests, who play an outsized role in protecting the natural world and are severely impacted by its destruction.

What is Climate Justice?

• Implement policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions: This can involve measures such as increasing the use of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency and investing in public transportation.

• Ensure that all climate policies are fair, equitable and inclusive: Climate policies that fail to address the root causes of climate change or that prioritise the interests of powerful groups over vulnerable ones can exacerbate existing inequalities and lead to further injustices.

“Legislation must uphold the rights of Indigenous peoples and communities [that are] safeguarding forests. They are our last line of defense against corporation destruction.” — Seema Joshi, Director of Campaigns, Global Witness

• Support climate adaptation measures: Governments can also support measures that help communities adapt to the impacts of climate change. This may include things like investing in infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events, supporting the development of drought-resistant crops and providing funding for programmes that help communities prepare for and respond to climate-related disasters.

Engage with younger generations: Governments should make an effort to engage with young people (in person) and future generations (through people representing them), who will be most affected by climate change. This could involve creating opportunities for young people to participate in climate policy discussions, providing education on climate change and sustainability, and ensuring that young people’s voices are heard in decision-making processes.

• Provide reparations: Governments should consider providing reparations to future generations for the harm caused by their policies. This could involve things such as investing in research and the development of new technologies that will help mitigate the impacts of climate change, or creating funds (and future-proofing those funds) to support communities that are most affected by climate change.

• Implement a carbon tax or fee: A carbon tax or fee is a market-based policy tool that puts a price on carbon emissions. This would incentivise businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint, while also generating revenue that could be used to fund climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. While some countries have already implemented carbon pricing schemes (although not yet at rates that have a noticeable impact), others have yet to adopt this policy tool.

• Limit or ban fossil fuel extraction: To truly address climate change, governments need to take more drastic measures to limit and move towards banning the extraction of fossil fuels. This will require a significant shift away from our current global economic model, which is heavily dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However, it can also create opportunities for new, green jobs and industries. Most certainly, governments in already-developed countries should not be allowing and permitting the development of any new fossil fuel extraction projects.

• Provide a basic income or carbon dividend: Another approach for governments could be to provide a basic income or carbon dividend to all citizens, funded by revenue generated from carbon pricing or other climate policies. This would help to mitigate the economic impact of climate policies and ensure that everyone benefits from efforts to address climate change, regardless of their income level.

• Address environmental racism: Policies and practices that disproportionately harm low-income communities and communities of colour, such as siting polluting factories in these areas, must be addressed through stronger environmental regulations and enforcement.

• Empower marginalised communities: Empowering marginalised communities to participate in decision-making processes related to climate action can help ensure that their voices are heard and their needs are addressed. This can include providing funding and support for community-led climate action projects.

Any fair justice process involves listening to those who have been wronged. The same is true of climate justice, which must involve giving those who have been most impacted by the climate crisis a meaningful voice in climate policy negotiations, which have for too long been dominated by the interests of wealthy corporations and countries. — Global Witness, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/what-climate-justice/

The most affected communities need to have an influence over climate policy decisions. They play an essential role in finding real solutions to the climate emergency. — Seema Joshi, Director of Campaigns, Global Witness

• Include more women in government: Research has shown that countries with higher levels of gender equality have higher economic growth. Companies with more women on their boards have higher returns. Peace agreements that include women are more successful. Parliaments with more women take up a wider range of issues, including health, education, anti-discrimination and child support (United Nations).

“	No country can ever truly flourish if it stifles the potential of its women and deprives itself of the contribution of half its citizens.	”
—Michelle Obama

Are Women the Climate Change Solution We’re Looking for? (5:20)

We have to ask: Are Women the Climate Change Solution We’re Looking for? (5:20)

Are Women the Climate Change Solution We’re Looking for? (5:20)

If you have trouble accessing the video, a summary is available below.

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“No one person or group holds all necessary knowledge to protect the environment. It’s when everyone works together – women, men, people of all gender identities – that we empower entire communities.”

How Do Corporations Influence Decisions on Climate Action? (3:39)

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If you have trouble accessing the resource, a summary is available at BaCCC/Video Summaries/How Do Corporations Influence Decisions on Climate Action?.

Finally: If you are feeling let down by your government’s lack of action on climate change, you are not alone.

“	In a global survey of children and youth, respondents rated government responses to climate change negatively and reported greater feelings of betrayal than of reassurance. Climate anxiety and distress were correlated with perceived inadequate government response and associated feelings of betrayal. Climate anxiety and dissatisfaction with government responses are widespread in children and young people in countries across the world and impact their daily functioning. A perceived failure by governments to respond to the climate crisis is associated with increased distress. There is an urgent need . . . for governments to validate respondents’ distress by taking urgent action on climate change.	”
—Hickman et al., (2021). Climate Anxiety in Children and Young People and Their Beliefs About Government Responses to Climate Change: A Global Survey

Activity

How involved is your government in climate justice? It is time to find out. See the scenario and survey idea below.

Scenario

Your institution has appointed you as a climate justice ambassador. You and your fellow learners are excited to become activists for the purpose of saving the environment from total destruction. Your role is to ensure that the voices of the youth are heard within the institution and by your government. One of your main tasks is to make sure the government prioritises climate justice and that it is included in all sector policies addressing climate change. Your first assignment is to identify the gaps that exist in your country with regard to government involvement in climate justice. Create a survey to find your answers to the questions below. See the particulars of the project in the chart below.

Aspects	Description
Nature of task	A SurveyMonkey (or other) questionnaire
Description	Design a questionnaire via SurveyMonkey (https://www.surveymonkey.com) or another program to conduct research about the involvement of one level of government in your life in addressing the issue of climate justice in your country, province, state, municipality or community. Try your survey out on some people you know, and then get permission to send it to your elected official and others in the government.
Guidelines	Include the following aspects: a) Are there policies in place to address climate change issues? b) To what extent do the policies of this level of government address the issues of climate justice? c) How does this government address climate justice? d) What strategies are in place to ensure that poor and vulnerable communities, as well as women, youth and Indigenous people, are included in decision-making regarding the climate crisis? e) How does the government create awareness about climate justice? f) What platforms are available for the constituents (voters) in the jurisdiction (area represented by an elected official) to make their voices heard on the climate justice issue? g) What other rights are exercised together with the right to climate justice? h) To what extent is the issue of climate justice covered within the education curriculum in your jurisdiction? i) What strategies can be devised to address the climate injustice in your jurisdiction?
Submission	Tell the world what you discovered by publishing your report (or a summary of it) on social media.