AGGREGATE DEMAND
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MICROECONOMICS
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AD-AS MODEL |
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Introduction |
At the market place
discussed in this section, explains the logic and process of decision making by the consumer to arrive at optimal decision, as a response to price changes.
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Learning Objectives |
| After reading this chapter, you are expected to learn about:
2. Comprehend consumer's responses to a price change for different types of goods such as normal, inferior and neutral goods. 3. Get familiar with positive, negative and zero price effects. 4. Realize the impact of a tax or subsidy on a good on consumer's consumption.
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Meaning of Aggregate Demand |
The concept of aggregate demand (AD) refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy. AD is related to the total expenditure flow in an economy in a given period. It consists of the following:
Consumption demand by the households (C )
Investment demand, i.e., demand for capital goods (I) by the business firms.
Government expenditure (G)
Net income from abroad (X – M).
Thus symbolically,
AD = C + I + G + (X-M)
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KEYNES THEORY OF AGGREGATE DEMAND |
The notion of “effective demand” and its influence on economic activity was the central theme in Keynes' book, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936. Aggregate demand consists of consumption expenditure ( C ) and investment expenditure (I). [[1]] [[2]] [[3]]
DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
According to Keynes, the amount of consumption expenditure depends on the size of national income. This functional relationship is called the propensity to consume or consumption function. Symbolically it is expressed as
C = f (Y)
Where C is consumption expenditure and Y is level of income. Algebraically Keynes consumption function is given as C = a + b Y Where, a is the Minimum Subsistence Consumption Demand b is Marginal Propensity to Consume Y is Level of Income Keynes consumption curve is shown in the following diagram.
OA is the minimum subsistence consumption demand. Consumption curve C slopes upward which shows that consumption demand (C ) increases with increase in income (Y). The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the ratio of change in consumption (∆ C) to a change in income (∆ Y)
∆ C
MPC = --------
∆ Y
C2 Y2 – C1Y2 C2 b
MPC = -------------------------- = ------------------
OY2 - OY1 Y1 Y2
DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE
Investment expenditure refers to the creation of new assets i.e. an addition to the stock of existing capital assets. According to Keynes investment demand depends upon two factors:
Expected rate of profit which he calls as Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC). Investment demand increases with the increase in the expected rate of profit.
The rate of interest (IR). Investment demand decreases with the increase in the rate of interest.
Symbolically, Keynes investment demand is expressed as:
Id = f ( MEC, IR)
DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE DEMAND The following diagram shows the determination of aggregate demand which consists of consumption demand ( C ) and investment demand ( I ).
C = f (Y) is the consumption curve which is a function of national income.
AD = C + I is the aggregate demand curve.
Investment demand does not directly depend upon income. The gap between the consumption curve (C) and aggregate demand curve (AD) shows investment demand.
DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM INCOME
According to Keynes, equilibrium income is determined by the level of aggregate demand (AD) in the economy, given the level of aggregate supply (AS). Aggregate Demand In Keynes’ theory of income determination aggregate demand is society’s total expenditure. It consists of consumption expenditure (C) and investment expenditure (I). Thus AD = C + I where, C = f (Y) and I = f (MEC, IR)
Y is level of income
MEC is marginal efficiency of capital or expected rate of returns from new capital assets.
IR is interest rate
Given the consumption curve, the aggregate demand curve is obtained by adding total investment expenditure to total consumption expenditure.
Aggregate Supply (AS) is the money value of goods and services in an economy in a year. AS is equal to national product. It includes society’s production of consumer and capital goods/services. AS measures national product in terms of the reward to factors of production for their contribution to the national product. Thus: AS = Y = C + S where, factor receipts are equal to total consumption plus savings. The AS curve is upward sloping 450 line. Equilibrium income is determined at a point at which AD = AS. The following diagram shows the AD and AS curves and equilibrium income is determined at OY1 level of income.
