Imagery patterns

Wealth and Value

Two of the most troublesome concepts in The Merchant of Venice are the concepts of wealth and value. Several of the characters possess great material wealth, while others (Bassanio included) confess to possessing things of greater intangible wealth. Value is linked to wealth, and characters make decisions based these things. Generally if our opinions of value and wealth connect with the characters, we will see their actions in a positive light. If they don’t connect, we see their actions in a negative light. For example, if we value Christianity above Judaism and money above family, we view Jessica’s treatment of her father as a good thing (perhaps a little cheeky). If we don’t value money above family, we see her in a negative light. In exploring these ideas, Shakespeare begins to question not only what the audience considers of value, but also the audience’s values.

• One’s breeding and family:
• One’s ability to help others:
• One’s financial security:

Find quotations that show the following:

• Antonio values his relationship with Bassanio above material wealth.
• Bassanio professes Portia to be desirable
• Shylock professes Antonio’s flesh to be less valuable than other form of meat.
• Morocco tries to convince himself to be modest and impartial in his valuing of himself.
• Bassanio professes to possess all his wealth in his breeding, not in his purse.
• When Shylock discovers his daughter and his ducats, he laments his financial loss. (Note that nowhere in the play does Shylock express affection for his daughter.)
• Shylock is more concerned about the sentimental value of the ring Jessica swapped for a monkey. (What does this do to our understanding of his character?)
• Antonio welcomes the opportunity to die rather than live in poverty through old age.
• Christians value mercy highly
• Bassanio values his friendship with Antonio more highly than his oath to his wife.

Conversion and rebirth

Jessica - Samuel Luke Fildes

• How does Portia describe the process of Bassanio ‘winning’ the lottery of the caskets? What sense does the word ‘converted’ have here?
• Why does Jessica convert to Christianity? Why do the Christians helping her flee respond the way they do?
• Jessica’s use of the word ‘converting’ (Act III, sc v) is at first glance comic, but is there a deeper criticism on Shakespeare’s part?
• Another sense of conversion is to be reborn, or to live again after death. How does Portia’s imagery during the trial scene reflect this idea? How does it connect with Shylock? Antonio?

Venturing, commerce and trade

Money

Where\when is money valued above life? Find examples and specific evidence. Where\when is life valued above money? Find examples and specific evidence. In what way is money the currency of friendship? How is money connected with the ideas of value and worth?

Commerce, riches and treasure adorn many of the speeches used to develop the bond plot and the caskets sub-plot. Write down some examples of each:

Bond plot:

Caskets sub-plot:

One of the possible reasons for Christians disliking Jews in the play is that people like Shylock stopped the free flow of money, and therefore people’s ability to enjoy themselves. Find evidence of the difficult relationship between the Jewish and Christian concepts of moneylending.

All of the characters are dependent on money. It is one of the great levelling factors in the play. It symbolises the interdependence of humans in society- even Christians and Jews. Find evidence of the following characters’ dependence on each other:

• Gobbo and Launcelot:
• Antonio and Bassanio:
• Bassanio and Portia:

Water and music

The watery images reflect the canals of Venice, and echo the idea of ships abroad. The stormy seas, wind and tempests, and especially how ships fare in them are at much talked about in Venice, as they probably would have been in Elizabethan London. Look at the first scene, up to line 45. How many watery images can you pick out?

When Bassanio first tells Antonio about Portia, he uses references to the sea. Belmont itself was a sea journey away from Venice, and the Prince of Morocco also refers to the sea when he tries to win Portia.

The storms of Venice contrast with music at Belmont. Music is a symbol of love and harmony, and it is no accident that a song is sung as Bassanio chooses the winning casket When Lorenzo and Jessica talk of music in the garden at Belmont all has turned out well. Not surprisingly, Shylock hates music. He wants Jessica to lock up the house when she ‘hears the drum/ And the vile squealing of the wry-necked fife.’

Look at Lorenzo’s speech in Act 5, scene 1, lines 70—88. It is a veiled reference to Shylock in the way it contains images which refer to the power music has to tame beasts: The man that hath no music in himself,/ Let no such man be trusted. What is he saying about Shylock, Jews and Jessica’s heritage?

Water\tempest\danger\Venice Find quotations for each of the following: Salarino and Solanio’s linking of tempests with an unquiet mind: Journeys to various places are undertaken for financial rewards: Water is the cause of ruin and death: Shylock is described as a dog\cur\wolf …who hates music:

Music\harmony\romance\Belmont Find quotations for each of the following: Lorenzo’s comments about music bringing about ‘stillness’ (V.i): A journey to Belmont is undertaken for love’s rewards: Rescue\salvation is offered by Belmont: Portia is associated with heavenly imagery (heaven, monarch, kings etc. Act IV) …and she loves music, often instructing musicians to play:

Extension: what is ‘the music of the spheres’? How does it relate to what we have discussed above?

Animal imagery

Animal imagery is often used both by Shylock, and others to describe him. We learn that Antonio has often referred to him disparagingly as dog, and he is also compared to the devil to reinforce his wickedness. Shylock first brings up the idea of sheep when he tells a Bible story to illustrate his views on usury (Act I scene iii). As if they had been present during this conversation, Shakespeare makes several of the other characters pick up the sheep image again, particularly to call Shylock a wolf preying on Antonio, who is compared — by himself and others — to a sheep. Look at Antonio’s speech at Act 4, scene 1, lines 70—83, and Gratiano’s at lines 128—38. Can you pick out the images of sheep and wolves?

"You may as well use the question with the wolf/ Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb;" -Antonio, act 4 scene 1 lines 73-74

" O be thou damned, inexecrable dog,/ And for thy life let justice be accused!/ Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith,/ To hold my opinion with Pythagoras/ That souls of animals infuse themselves/ Into the trunks of men. Thy currish spirit/ Governed a wolf, who - hanged for human slaughter -/ Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet,/ And whilst thou layest