Biological Anthropology/Unit 2: Non-human Primates/Taxonomy of the Living Primates

== '''IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE PAGES WILL NO LONGER BE UPDATED. THEY HAVE BEEN MOVED TO PRESSBOOKS AS PART OF A COLLEGE INITIATIVE TO COLLECT OER MATERIALS IN ONE PLACE FOR STUDENTS.''' ==

= Modern Primates = There are over 200 species and 600+ subspecies of primates living today. They vary in size from the tiny mouse lemur, weighing in at a whopping two ounces to the male silverback gorilla who can weigh up to 400 pounds. Some are vegetarian while others are omnivores. Many live in tropical areas, but there is at least one species that lives in a temperate region where it snows. Some live exclusively in trees and others live exclusively on the ground. The diversity of primates is expressed in the classification system.

Two Systems of Classification
The traditional classification approach put the primates into two suborders: Prosimii and Anthropoidea. The Prosimii contained lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers while anthropoidea consisted of monkeys and apes. The traditional classification approach used levels of taxonomic complexity to determine which suborder a primate should belong.

Most primatologists today use an approach that uses ancestral-descendent relationships to determine the suborder. In this biochemical evolutionary classification approach, there are also two suborders, but they are called Strepsirhini, which includes lemurs, aye ayes, galagos, and lorises, and Haplorhini, which includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Strepsirhini, which means "twist-nose," characteristics include: Most Strepsirhines are nocturnal and arboreal and have specialized features, such as large eyes with a light reflecting disk, to help with night vision. They were the first suborder of primates to evolve (O'Neil 1998-2012) and are sometimes referred to as the "lower primates."
 * snout-like nose
 * wet rhinarium (naked, moist area of skin on the snout--think dog nose)
 * heightened sense of smell
 * prominent whiskers
 * divided upper lip tied to the gums by a membrane
 * wooly fur
 * grooming claw
 * dental combs (tooth comb)

Haplorhini, which means "simple nose," characteristics include:
 * relatively flattened faces (when compared to Strepsirhini)
 * forward facing eyes
 * postorbital enclosure (bony plate encloses back of eye socket)
 * dry noses
 * decreased reliance on sense of smell
 * larger brains and body size (when compared to Strepsirhini)
 * diastema (space between upper lateral incisor and upper canine tooth) except in humans
 * increased gestation, maturation, and parental care
 * more mutual grooming