IN SEARCH OF NEW STATES OF MATTER

Physics Nobel prize in 2016 has been awarded for the discovery of characteristics,phase transition and phases of matter. David J Thoules Duncan M Haldane,j Michael Kosterlitz are the three winners of Nobel prize this year.We are all familiar with the four states of matter ,i.e, Solid,liquid,gas,plasma.As the temperature increases solid phase changes to liquid ,liquid phase changes to gas.It is called as phases transitions.Otherthan these,at low temp,matter will show changes which is beyond our imagination.Super conductivity .Super fluidity etc are some examples.Only quantum mechanics can explain these.

These phenomena will occur only at very low temperature.When the temperature is above a limiting value ,it will changes to normal states of matter.This time these Scientists have been studied about two dimensional features of matter.Our surroundings is full of 3 dimensional objects.But there are narrow layers, surfaces which we canimagine as 2 dimensional.For these types of matters at absolute zero temperature they can show some characteristic changes.

They have used topology to interpreted the states of matter.in 1970's Kosterlitz and thoules introduced a mew theory which is known as K.T theory.It states that "at lower temperature 2 objects can show magnetic behaviour".Each atom in the magnetic objectcan act as small magnet.These type of small magnets creates magnetic fields like one upon the other in a small circle call it as magnetic vortex.In some objects they appear as pairs ,wen the temperature changes the limiting value,they will move apart.The truthnessof these statement have beenproved by other scientists.