User:Robin Day/Test How to get Started on Research Page

=Academic writing - an Introduction=

Being able to express yourself clearly in writing and according to the conventions of a discipline is important to your success as a student, academic, researcher or a practitioner. As a student, not only will it assist you to obtain good marks, it is also a way to engage in the research process. Writing allows you to share your thinking and it provides a clear mechanism for both developing and demonstrating a critical argument.
 * Writing helps you to clarify your thinking
 * Writing shows your thoughts to your readers

Many people are fearful of writing. Some people worry that they won't be able to put what they are thinking on paper and say "what they really mean." Others have bad memories of marks received in secondary school, and consider themselves to be "bad writers."

However, writing is like building a table. There are fine artisans who can craft beautiful pieces of furniture, but in a wood-working class with a good instructor, most people can follow rules and use tools to produce a serviceable piece of furniture.

There are a number of important writing rules and tools that most hesitant writers don't know about. These will be explained in this wiki, and we will also clarify what your lecturers will expect from the written assignments they set you.

=The process of writing= Writing is all about saying what you really mean, and knowing that your readers will understand what you intend them to. In order to be able to write well, you do need to have a good understanding of the English language.

This module is designed for students who already know the basics of English. Some students may require help before beginning this module. If you have concerns about your abilities in English, like writing a complete sentence, you may wish to have your skills evaluated at the learning support centre while you are going through this module.

=Rules of good writing= It's all about structure! Good writing is good because the writer knows what he or she wants to say, and makes sure that everything in the paper not only relates to the topic, but is clearly connected for the reader to follow. This means that to write well, you have to state your position, reveal the information that supports your position, and demonstrate how the information fits together to make you believe that which you are trying to convince your readers of. This way, the message you are trying to send out has the best chance of being understood by the reader exactly as you intended.

Document structure
It's all about structure! You had better put a good structure in place for your written work. The structure needs to be present in the entire written document, but also in each part of the document. Once you know what you are going to write about (we talk about that a bit later in the module), you have to make the framework for your written work. It always involves writing an introduction that attracts the reader's attention, shows the reader what the question you are going to answer will be, and describes the pathway that the essay will take to get from the question to the answer.

Paragraph structure
Just like the essay, the paragraphs in your essay must be well structured. To do this, you have to have a good understanding of what makes a paragraph. A paragraph is how we organise sentences into groups. It is a unit of thought and not of length. Being a "unit of thought" means that it deals with only one main idea. How is a paragraph structured? Like an essay, the writer introduces it by a topic sentence, which has supporting sentences with links, and a conclusion or transition.

=Writing an academic essay= It's important to know how to write clearly, but as important is understanding the expectations of an academic essay. Writing an essay is a way of synthesising knowledge, and showing your lecturer than you are able to locate reliable information, analyse it and then apply it to a situation which tests your understanding of a particular aspect of the discipline you are studying. There are a number of strategies you must take in addition to clear and well-structured writing to ensure that you will create a convincing and effective essay.

Understanding the assignment
There are important things you need to understand about the assignment.
 * When is it due?
 * How long is it supposed to be?
 * What is the exact topic of the essay?
 * What are the types of sources your lecturer expects you to use to answer the essay question?

You should ask yourself these questions when the essay is assigned rather than when it is time to start working on it. By taking an early look, you will have a better sense of the scope of the project, you can plan you time effectively, and you can see how lecture and tutorial material contributes to understanding the essay topic. If you can't answer any one of these questions with certainty, speak with your lecturer or tutor and seek clarification.

Getting started
In most cases, your first look at the essay topic may be daunting. You may know little about the subject and feel anxious, worrying "what is it I am supposed to say?!#!" But, maybe you are in a better position, and already have a good understanding of the topic. Your first goal is to make sure you have a general enough understanding of the topic to know what you need to read to be able to answer the question competently and well.

Developing an argument
When your lecturer assigns an essay, they are asking you to look at information, and take a position with respect to this information. What does this mean? It means that your lecturer wants you to believe in something, and convince the reader why they should too. The argument is the position you are taking in your essay. It is important to identify your argument, because it provides the structure to the rest of your essay.

Staking out your premises
An argument then must be supported by premises. Premises are the facts that your use to explain why you have adopted a particular argument. These are the points that you are making to convince your reader that your argument is valid and based on solid evidence. From a structural point of view, each premise becomes a subpart of your essay. Your conclusion will logically follow from your premises To be effective, premises must not only follow a logical pattern, they must be based on well researched information. This is where you will incorporate the beliefs and assertions of established academics, and knowledgeable researchers in the discipline, as well as any independent research you may have undertaken yourself.

=Using other people's work= There are two principle ways that you can incorporate the work and writing of others to support the premises of your argument: quotations and paraphrasing. However, you must be mindful of two things when using quotations or paraphrases.
 * A quotation is a group of words taken from an essay, article, or book written by someone else and incorporated into your essay.
 * A paraphrase is the rewriting of someone else's ideas or words using your own words rather than theirs.
 * The external work must be carefully crafted so that it supports YOUR work.
 * The authorship of the external work must be properly acknowledged (or you may be accused of cheating!!)

Quotations
Quotations can be very powerful. They lend authority to your argument, provide insights from established researchers, and illustrate the prevalence or pervasiveness of your position. BUT, a quotation needs to be worked in to your own argument.TO DO THIS YOU WILL NEED TO

Paraphrasing
When should you paraphrase?
 * the quotation is long and wordy
 * the words in the quotation are not powerful
 * the source of the quotation is unknown or dubious

Acknowledging the authors of external work
There are two reasons for acknowledging the authors of external work.
 * To acknowledge and or protect intellectual property
 * To provide resources for readers



There are two ways that the acknowledgment must be made:
 * The citation: CITATIONS are the way of flagging a quotation or a paraphrase, and identifying where someone else's work or views are being reproduced. Usually, a citation contains brief information about the origin of the quotation or paraphrase. Citations may be made by footnote, endnote, or by placing the authors' names in brackets after the occurrence of their work. Deciding the form of citation you should use depends on the instructions your lecturer has given you.
 * The reference list: REFERENCE LISTS are lists containing detailed information about the origin of the quotation or paraphrase. It is placed at the end of the essay, and will either be in alphabetical order or in order of citation, depending on the academic style used in your course.

=Presenting your assignment= Find out what submission requirements for your school and your individual lecturer are. All essays must be word processed, double spaced and with at least 2.54cm margins on both sides. A cover sheet will include the title of the essay, your name or student number and other information that your lecturer will specify. Use simple fonts like times new roman, arial or Helvetica. Do not include graphics or illustrations that are not part of the essay. Use your computer's grammar and spell-checker, and get a friend to proof-read too. You should read your essay several times to check for mistakes. Here is a list of common mistakes to avoid in your essay: