PCF5: The development of open and distance educational resources and practices within the service industry of tourism

Contact details
Hillary Jenkins Programme Manager of the Diploma in Applied Travel and Tourism

School of Applied Business

Otago Polytechnic

hillaryj@tekotago.ac.nz

Abstract
Theme: Livelihoods

Presentation and Discussion
Travel and tourism lecturer and programme manager from the Otago Polytechnic, New Zealand will present on the development of open and distance educational resources and practices within the service industry of tourism. The presentation will demonstrate:


 * Increased use of the Internet to support face to face and distance learners


 * Use of Wikieducator to develop open education and training resources and network internationally


 * Use of assessment to form learning and assess prior learning for both self paced and work based learners who are using the Wikieducator and blog resources at a distance


 * Collaboration efforts with local, national and international (Australia, Mauritius and Samoa) hospitality and tourism operators developing education, training, assessment and curriculum, and to establish an online network of international practitioners that will help serve as an ongoing learning resource


 * Use of staff and course blogs to document both development and course progress and to support the learners using the resources on Wikieducator


 * Development of a progressive Intellectual Property Policy that has the organisation adopting a Creative Commons Attribution license for all its resources


 * Integration of ecological, economic and social sustainability education that includes change management and capacity building

Round table discussion
Following the presentation, a facilitated discussion will be held to consider points of interest in the presentation. This will be an opportunity to clarify points, gain feedback, consider issues and build on the international collaborative network.

It would be benefical to the presenter if people indicated interest/s in particular areas eg. Intellectual Property, Quality, Communities of Learning (Please feel free to add to the list started below):

1. Resources - Time

2. Quality - editorial control, institutional branding, standardisation

3. Communities of learning

4. Case Studies = Otago Polytechnic and COL data (Susan did you have something in particular in mind)

5. Copyright issues and collaboration

6. Infrastructure web 2.0, pedagogy, storage, technical support, archive and staff professional development and recognition

7. Use of blogs as interface to wiki

CONFERENCE PAPER
INTRODUCTION

Hillary Jenkins is a Programme Manager for the Diploma in Applied Travel and Tourism, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand. Hillary has worked in the educational tourism sector for the past seven years and has a Bachelor of Commerce Degree and a Post Graduate Certificate in teaching (information communication) from Otago University. Hillary has a background in print journalism. She is also the project manager for the tourism programme development.

This presentation and the following discussion will look at all areas outlined in the abstract but will primarily focus on the use of Wikieducator in the development of a new tourism programme for Otago Polytechnic and the use an open platform for delivery. It will also address attempts, through the use of Wikieducator, to form a community of learning with other educational providers or organisations in the service sector of tourism. Recommendations will be offered as potential guidelines for the use of Wikieducator, those wanting to develop using an open platform and the development of a community of learning.

The tourism project has also attempted to encompass the strategies and values of the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015, recently launched by the Prime Minister Rt Hon Helen Clark, - in particular the need for communities and operators to build strong relationships and recognise each other as important contributors to the industry globally. (Reference) Otago Polytechnic is also working hard to create an environment of sustainability (reference) not only in its curriculum but also as a physical campus. Use of Web 2.0 and Wikieducator technology is viewed as one viable way to contribute to this drive.

Otago Polytechnic is a tertiary provider focussing on skills based, technical education and occupational training. It offers a range of New Zealand accredited degrees, diplomas and certificates (Wikipedia, 2006).

Otago Polytechnic Schools have delivered programmes both by distance and face to face by way of a proprietary learning management system “Blackboard” (closed platform). The need for greater flexibility in curriculum and distributed methods of delivery outside of a closed environment has at times created a challenge for Polytechnic teaching staff given the default copyright restriction All Rights Reserved CCL on all their educational content and course development. For over two years, a few individuals across 10 departments have been exploring the use of wikis to develop and manage a number of open access Otago Polytechnic courses and teaching resources repositories. Currently there are courses offered as open educational resources on Wikieducator, some receiving project funding (such as tourism) and all of which are undergoing development. This represents around 15 full time lecturing staff and 5 part-time programme designers regularly using the Wikieducator for their online courses.

In 2006 an Educational Development Centre for staff development, online and flexible learning development, and research into educational development was formed. During 2007 Otago Polytechnic senior management approved a revised Intellectual Property Policy. In effect, the existing All Rights Reserved default CCL was replaced by a Some Rights Reserved - Attribution (CC BY). This would effectively give staff Intellectual property ownership rights with an option of restriction. This policy change went hand in hand with institutional strategic objectives and leadership in flexible learning, multimedia training and technical support. the Education Development Centre team was delegated a leadership role. One of the centers duties is to administer and manage the contestable funding for flexible delivery.

There is a directive for all staff to use the least restrictive copyright over Intellectual Property (this can still be "Co-owned" “Exclusive ownership” “Ownership by a 3rd party” Otago Polytechnic rights). It is hoped replacing an All Rights Reserved CCL default copyright with the recommended (CC BY) copyright will foster collaboration avoid the legal complications when lecturers unknowingly re-use resources that have attribution restrictions.

http://wikieducator.org/index.php?title=User:Leighblackall/Educational_Development_at_Otago_Polytechnic&action=igations (TO BE FIXED)

In March 2007 the School of Applied Business - Travel and Tourism section applied for and successfully gained project funding (from the contestable fund) towards the development of a higher level, two year local diploma. The monies to be used in conjunction with the upgrading/development of teaching resources, improvement of flexible delivery methods and dedicated staff time allocation for development.

The new diploma replaced a one year National Certificate in Travel and Tourism. The framework underpinning the diploma was purchased from another education provider through membership of Tertiary Accord New Zealand (TANZ) a collaboration of six New Zealand polytechnics. The mission/purpose of Tertiary Accord of New Zealand is to work collaboratively as an accord to identify, design, develop, deliver and evaluate applied vocational quality products for tertiary learners (TANZ Strategy Paper 2006 – 2011). Membership of the accord allows access to the curricula of all the members, as well as the opportunity for shared collaborative academic, business, and international development activity.

BACKGROUND

The tourism development project involved a complete rethink of how, why and to whom the programme was being delivered and the intended outcomes for students, industry counterparts, fellow educational providers and for the community; locally, nationally and internationally.

Factors such as; declining student enrolment numbers, difficulty with student retention, the need for more flexibility in delivery, greater use of the internet and online bookings, need for more industry involvement, updating of teaching resources, required changes to the curriculum, more flexible programme framework, community requirements and high employment levels for the past six years, all played a role in the need to update the qualification, expand it to include all employable areas of tourism.

Government changes to funding policies for polytechnics - funding based on capping student numbers per organisation and placing the emphasis on student success and retention plus a call from tertiary providers governing body Tertiary Education Commission (TEC)(reference) for greater collaboration between educational providers, were also driving forces behind the need for change.

WHAT TO USE – OPEN OR CLOSED PLATFORM – WHY?

Why change from a closed, managed learning delivery to open source? The need for greater flexibility in curriculum and methods of delivery could have been contained within present systems and courses could have continued without any great upheaval.

According to Deputy Chief Executive Robin Day, the polytechnic is trying to be more open, more sharing, more responsive to the community and Wikieducator fits quite nicely with that. There is, he said, a shift to focus more on learners, rather than teachers and institutional control.

For the tourism project there were several factors which also influenced the change. There was of course the creation of a new programme, the main resource developer and designer were relatively new staff to the polytechnic, resources had to be designed and found - why not a new environment.

Project funding provided an opportunity to look at new ways of doing things and with the investment of time and resources it seemed an opportune time to do this.

Wikieducator offered an opportunity to provide and add an exciting visual dimension to the presentation. The platform was dynamic, changes could be made with ease and the site accessed far more easily by staff and students. External contribution was a positive and staff resistance, if any, something which could be addressed.

Using a web log as an interface with the wiki provided another visual, interactive component and supplied a slick marketing tool.

There was also the wish to contribute to a greater good, and to address our social responsibility. The sharing of teaching resources and the opportunity for international collaboration would be ways in which to do this. Tourism is a global service and students are able to recognise that more readily from an open source.

DOES THE REALITY MATCH THE IDEALS?

Wikieducator offers a living, dynamic environment. The potential for resource contribution from external sources in particular is an exciting prospect. Wayne Mackintosh from the Commonwealth of Learning has said there are 30,000 unique visitors to Wikieducator each week (Web log - massageonline.wordpress, 10 March, 2008). Our travel and tourism wiki has attracted only one external contributor in the past 12 months. If one is to look at the history page there is also no record (logged in) of anyone, unknown to us, browsing. Iif logging in was made compulsory a good record of browsers could be compiled and followed up on. A communication thread was opened earlier this year and as yet the have has been no response.

It may be, as suggested by Robin Day that we are so far ahead of others that they may not be contributing but are probably using some of the resources on the wiki. Or it could be that there are not many, if any, other areas developing on the wiki in the tourism area at tertiary level. Hopefully expanded communication will be forthcoming as Wikieducator grows internationally.

The options for image enhancement, linking, RSS feed, tagging and using all forms of Web 2.0 software are expanded using Wikieducator. There are limitations with formatting. At times this is frustrating especially with the quality of software programmes being used in business. An emphasis on developing greater compatibility with other desktop publishing programmes would greatly enhance use of Wikieducator..

Backup of teaching resource material (Activity Sheets) would benefit from (compatibility). Otago Polytechnic course development structure encourages the separation of information and other reference materials from lesson plans and activity sheets firstly to maximise re-usability, and secondly to assist teachers who are developing courses on the wikis to think more deliberately about what it is they want their students to be doing, and to create a variety of different activities around a single learning objective for use in different contexts. At present this is a protracted exercise at best.

WHAT IS REQUIRED

Delivering a programme through Wikieducator does have particular requirements. Fast internet speed is imperative to the delivery of the programme, for both on-line and face to face students. While the Otago Polytechnic runs a well resourced and supported network system with broadband internet speed. Teaching resources such as Youtube are often slow to buffer and run and web logs can take some time to open. Good wireless capability can be beneficial to the face to face teaching aspect especially when being used in conjunction with other hardware e.g. laptop and projector. Access to Wikieducator has at times been denied through difficulties with the polytechnic's internet server. However there have been times when Wikieducator has been one of the few sites accessible when the same problem has occurred. This technical area in particular could raise many concerns for developing countries wanting to access resources and delivery means.

Technical support for writing to and stylisation of the travel and tourism wiki site has been an ongoing feature of the liaison between the Educational Development Centre project developer and the tourism resource developer. Access to support staff with good knowledge of Web 2.0 social networking software, HTML programming has been a great advantage. Developers of content for Wikieducator are usually teaching staff who may have a limited knowledge of Web 2.0 software and face not only a step learning curve due to this, but time and resource constraints. The Commonwealth of Learning has tutorials available and has created wiki's for further development in this area.

A comprehensive introduction/induction to the medium of use for students is essential along with support and help. Options such as; block courses, on-line tutorials, demonstration videos/DVDs are easily enough accessed by Otago Polytechnic students on a national basis but this may not be so internationally.

At present, face to face tourism students at the Otago Polytechnic are using course web logs as an interface to Wikieducator. The original intention was that that students would go directly to the Wikieducator site once the initial development was completed (end of 2008). However the interface seems to be working really well, with staff being able to communicate with the students through the web log before accessing a direct link to activities on the wiki.

A resource librarian/quality controller would also be a beneficial addition to support staff gain resource material and help with wiki content.

COMMUNITIES OF LEARNING

Use of Wikieducator has the potential to progress the building of community, or circles of learning for educational providers, faster and more easily. This may be the single most important reason why educators will choose to use Wikieducator and is vital to the successful use of Wikieducator. It is these communities of learning which could potentially become the first audience even before the enrolled students. They can contribute, critique, supply feedback, and support and encouragement and influence the quality of the resources.

This is already done to a certain extent by the Commonwealth of Learning when a wiki is first started or a new educator comes on board. However it is fellow educators on an international scale who need to be actively sought out.

Through the Wikieducator development collaborative relationships with TAFE New South Wales - Illawarra Institute, Canberra Institute of Technology and Michigan State University in the United States of America, have been formed. All teams are positioning themselves to work with us in our development of a sustainable tourism course.

We have also been in communication with the Pacific Island region in particular Samoa with the aim in the future to offer our programme on-line to potential students. This works well with our strategy to attract more Pacific Island students to our programme. We were also looking at how this collaboration could offer extra support to Samoan students studying our programme both here and in Samoa. This is an area we will continue to pursue.

The Commonwealth of Learning as the innovators/administrators of Wikieducator may need to be even more proactive in facilitating communication than they are or have been to date. Or maybe the question that needs to be asked is - are there key people in the Commonwealth of Learning (maybe Ambassadors) who are identifying the need for more facilitation in the creation of a community of learning.

It would greatly benefit new participants and indeed present users of Wikieducator to have an initial community to join.

By joining an initial group it would then become the responsibility of educators to facilitate collaboration. This need not be limited to areas of interest but could extend to other people and subject areas of the organisation. This perspective links individuals within an organisation to an international teaching community.

This would also help the creation of communities outside of the Commonwealth countries.

QUALITY

An open platform, openly contributed to, sourced and edited both internally and externally, begs the question - how is total quality management, obtained and maintained. When the reputation and viability of a programme, indeed an organisation can rely heavily on the content of a wiki  should the responsibility of content always lie with them as well?

Internal quality control can be addressed through standardisation of resource content and navigational techniques. Peer networking within your area and discussion outside of it may also help.

Externally a community of learning could be used to provide a forum whereby some type of quality policy/procedure can be created to form guidelines which will assist in the maintenance of quality without taking away the openness of contribution.

There could also be the opportunity for the Commonwealth of learning to take on a moderating control role.

CONCLUSION

If social networking is indeed the way of the future then the use, support and further development of open platforms such as Wikieducator may very well define us as the true pioneers of educational development.

Expansion and growth without planning, strategy and goals will impede the growth of open platforms, such as Wikieducator, for educational, organisational use. At present there is a lot of foundation work being carried out but is there enough support structure in place for the building to continue.

Otago Polytechnic has identified the need for such structure by putting in place goals in strategic policies and its business plan. However there still seems to be a need for more coordinated collaboration internally and externally before the true benefits of Wikieducator are experienced.

It may be that the Commonwealth of Learning needs to take a leading role (or the role) in forming a group to compile a more detailed pathway for organisations or individuals to follow when wanting to implement the use of Wikieducator. This, alongside the introduction of an already existing community of learning would provide a powerful incentive for Wikieducator use and growth.

REFERENCES

Applied Travel and Tourism Programme web log set up to track the progress of the project development - http://appliedtravelandtourismprogramme.blogspot.com

NZ Tourism Strategy - http://www.nztourismstrategy.com/

Educational_Development_at_Otago_Polytechnic - http://wikieducator.org/User:Leighblackall/Educational_Development_at_Otago_Polytechnic

Otago_Polytechnic Wikipedia 24 Nov 2007 - http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php title=Otago_Polytechnic&oldid=173390041 Wikipedia 24 Nov 2007

Tertiary Accord New Zealand - http://www.tanz.ac.nz

Tertiary Education Commission - http://www.tec.govt.nz

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