QUESTION PAPERS(Chordata)

QUESTION PAPERS B. Sc. (Hons.) / II                        ZOOLOGY – Paper – III [Chordata(Objective)] [Year = 1999- 2009]''' Q1. (a) Define:

(1)Ankylosis

(2)Monophyodont dentition

(3)Parallelism

(4)Carnasial tooth

(5)Unguligrade

(6)Blubber

(7)Mesovarium

(8)Red gland

(9)Zygosphene

(10)Retrices

(11) Neoteny

(12)Stomochord

(13)Pterylosis

(14)Vermiform appendix

(15)Ovoviviparity

(16)Feather germ

(17)Mullerian duct

(18)Psalterium

(19)Ductus botalli

(20)Cloacal bladder

(21)Heterotrophic bones

(22)Lanugo hair

(23)Wharton’s duct

(24)Foramen Panizzae

(25)Diastema

(26)Dicynodontia

(27)Grey ramus

(28)Holocrine

(29)Solenocytes

(30)Catadromous fishes

(31)Splanchnocranium

(32)Gastoreceptors

(33)Holobranch

(b) State the exact location and one function of each of the following:

(a)Ceratotrichia (b)Pygal plate

(c)Sesamoid bone

(d)Intercentrum

(e)Organ of corti

(f)Foramen Panizzae

(g)Wheel organ

(h)Rete mirabile

(i)Columella

(j)Meibomian gland

(k)Solenocytes

(l)Chevron bone

(m)Dorsal tubercle

(n)Uropygeal gland

(o)Gastralia

(p)Scroll valve

(q)Bursa Fabrici

(r)Organs of Jacobson’s

(s)Bidder’s Organ

(t)Gubernaculum

(u)Fovea centralis

(v)Preen gland

(w)Red gland

(x)Hatschek’s nephridium

(y)Psalterium

(z)Cisterna chili

(1)Retractor bulbii

(2)Cavernous urethra

(3)Ampulla of Lorenzini

(4)Eustachian tube

(5)Pecten

(6)Vibrissae

(7)Hatschek’s pit

(8)

(9)

(c) Distinguish between:

(1)Chromatophores and Iridocytes

(2)Synarthrosis and Diarthrosis

(3)Mesoxonic foot and Paraxonic foot

(4)Durophagus and Sanguininoma

(5)Catadromous fishes and Anadromous fishes

(6)Bunodont and Lophodont

(7)Air bladder and Air sacs

(8)Schizognathus and Desmognathus

(9)Supination and Pronation

(10)Acoelous and Amphicoelous vertebra

(11)Ductus caroticus and ductus botallii

(12)Phygostomous and Phygoclistous swim bladder

(13)Palaeoniscoid and Lepidosteiod scales

(14)Nail and Hoof

(15)Anapsid and Diapsid

(16)Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla

(17)Chordata and Vertebrata

(18)Amphicoelus and Heterocoelus centra

(19)Bunodont and Solenodont

(20)Shark and Ray

(21)Branchial and Pulmonary heart

(21)Parotid and Parotoid gland

(22)Lamelliform and Filliform gills

(23)Procoelous and Heterocoelous vertebrae

(24)Nail and claw

(25)Clinging feet and climbing feet in birds

(26)Barble and Barbule

(27)Diaphysis and epiphysis

(28)Zeugopodium and Autopodium

(29)Gill clefts and pharyngeal clefts

(30)Cowper’s gland and Bartholin’s gland

(31)Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct

(32)Amphistylic and autostylic jaw suspensorium

(33)Ammocoete and Axolotel larva

(34)Neuropore and Neurentric canal

(35)Jacobson’s organs Muller’s organ

(36)Altitudinal and Latitudinal migration

(37)Parapsid and Synapsid skull

(38)Gasserian ganglion and Geniculate ganglion

(39)Arteries and Veins

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(d) Classify the following up to orders:

(1)Prestes

(2)Ichthyophis

(3)Gaviates

(4)Herpestes

(5)Petromyzon

(6)Viper

(7)Hemirhamphus

(8)Doliolum

(9)Hedgehog

(10)Psittacula

(11)Botryllus

(12)Draco

(13)Shark

(14)Cobra

(15)Limbless amphibian

(16)Duck

(17)Cat fish

(18)Lamprey

(19)Sea horse

(20)Sea snake

(21)Wood pecker

(22)Shrew

(23)King of Herrings

(24)Mud cell

(25)Peacock

(26)Spiny ant-eater

(27) Acorn worm

(28)Mud puppy

(29)Flamingo

(30)Owl

(31)Hemidactylus

(32)Anabas

(33)Torpedo

(34)Congo eel

(35)Talpa

(36)Alytes

(37)Sorex

(38)

(39)

(40)

ANSWERS

(1)Ankylosis – If the suture between two bones has been obliterated during development the condition is ankylosis.

(2)Monophyodont dentition – A few mammals develop only a first set i.e. only permanent teeth.

(3)Parallelism

(4)Carnasial tooth – It is the 4th premolar in canines. (5)Unguligrade – Ungulates are unguligrade i.e. elevated on the tips of toes terminating in hoofs. Ex. Horse

(6)Blubber – In Whales and Seals stored sub dermal fat forms extensive blanket of considerable thickness called blubber.

(7)Mesovarium – Ovaries are attached to the dorsal body wall by double folds of peritoneum called mesovaria.

(8)Red gland – The lining of the anterior chamber is modified to form a unique red gland from the red body, it has densely arranged blood capillaries.

(9)Zygosphene – In Snakes and some lizards in addition to zygapophyses there is a special pair of apophyses called zygosphenes fitting into concavities called zygantra.

(10)Retrices – The quill feathers occurring around the uropygium to form the tail of Pigeon are called tail-quills or retrices. (11) Neoteny – Larva doesn’t change into adult but remains in larval forms and becomes sexually mature. Ex. Axolotl larva.

(12)Stomochord – Enteropneusts have a short diverticulum of the foregut, the stomochord extending forward in the proboscis.

(13)Pterylosis – In Columba, a special tuft of feathers on the anterior border of the wing, arising from the pollex forms, the bustard wing. The spaces which would otherwise be left between the bases of the remiges are filled in, both above and lower wing coverts. In the tail, there are 12 long retrices or tail quills. There bases are covered with wing coverts. The whole feather arrangement is known as pterylosis.

14) Vermiform appendix – The caecum leads into a blindly ending finger-like tube, about 4-inches long and thick-walled known as vermiform appendix.

(15)Ovoviviparity – Some lizards and snakes are ovoviviparous in which development takes place within a thin membranous egg shell in the oviduct, the eggs are laid when the young are nearly ready to hatch.

(16)Feather germ – Feathers arises from papillae. The papillae become sunk in a sac the feathers-follicle from which it protrudes as an elongated feather germ. (17)Mullerian duct – In female anamniotes a coelomic funnel grows back to form a groove which becomes closed to form a tube known as oviduct or mullerian duct which lies on outer side of mesonephric duct

(18)Psalterium – The two corpora striata are joined by anterior commissure and two hippocampi by a median hippocampal commissure which is often called a psalterium. (19)Ductus botallii – The portion of 6th aortic arch between the pulmonary artery and lateral dorsal aorta is known as ductus botallii.

(20)Cloacal bladder – It occurs in Dipnoans, amphibians. It is a diverticulum of cloacal wall opposite the point where urinary ducts enter.

(21)Heterotrophic bones – In some animals certain bones may be present which do not belong either to the dermal skeleton or to the endoskeleton, they are known as heterotrophic bones.

(22)Lanugo hair - During the eighth foetal month, a transient coat of delicate embryonic fur called lanugo clothes covers the entire body with the exception of lips, palms, soles, nails etc.

(23)Wharton’s duct- At the widest part of the frenulum linguae, near the lower median incisor teeth on either side are the openings of Wharton’s duct that drain the sub maxillary salivary glands.

(24)Foramen Panizzae – An opening, the foramen panizzae is present in Crocodilians which connects right and left systemic trunk at their base and blood can be shunted between these vessels at that location.

(25)Diastema – Canine teeth are absent in rodents and lagomorphs and so there is tooth-less interval or diastema between last incisor and the first cheek tooth. Ex. Rabbit

(26)Dicynodontia – It is sub order included in order Therapsida of sub class Synapsida belonging to class Reptilia. (27)Grey ramus

(28)Holocrine – Glandular cells die after discharging their secretions. Therefore cells are continuously produced. Ex. Sebaceous glands.

(29)Solenocytes – Each protonephridium consists of cluster of solenocytes that project into the coelom and of a chamber.

(30)Catadromous fishes – Those fishes which migrate from rivers to sea are known as catadromous fishes. Ex. Eel

(31)Splanchnocranium –

(32)Gastoreceptors

(33)Holobranch

(b)State the exact location and one function of each of the following: (a)Ceratotrichia – The skeleton of two dorsal and the median ventral fins consists of a series of cartilaginous rods called somactids bearing distally a double series of numerous horny fins rays or ceratotrichia. (b) Pygal plate (c)Sesamoid bone – Four small sesamoid bones embedded in tendon are regularly present on the palmar side of the hand. Two are at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of thumb, while one each is at metacarpo-phalangeal joint of index and of little finger.

(d)Intercentrum - In tetrapoda, the perichordal mesenchyme forms four embryonic cartilage, out of which is a pair of ventral intercentrum incorporating the basiventrals. (e)Organ of corti- In mammals, the cells on the basilar membrane forms a complicated organ of corti having pillar-like supporting cells.

(f)Foramen Panizzae- An opening, the foramen panizzae is present in Crocodilians which connects right and left systemic trunk at their base.

(g)Wheel organ – In Amphioxus, at the anterior end, guarding the mouth is a circle of bristle-like cirri attached to the edge of buccel funnel within which is a whirlpool of cilia, the wheel organ.

(h)Rete mirabile – In physoclistous fishes, the entire posterior chamber is lined with a thin epithelium beneath which is a capillary network, the rete mirabile.

(i)Columella – In amphibians, instead of three ear bones only a single rod-like columella is present extending from ear drum directly to fundus ovalis.

(j)Meibomian gland – Between the outer skin and inner conjunctiva palpebrarum each eye lid is supported by tarsal plate containing numerous meibomian glands. >>>Function- They produce an oily secretion which forms a film over the lacrimal fluid or tears holding them evenly on the surface of the eye ball, keeping the eye moist.

(k)Solenocytes - Each protonephridium consists of cluster of solenocytes that project into the coelom and of a chamber.

(l)Chevron bone – In Varanus, the most characteristic feature of anterior caudal vertebra is the presence of Y-shaped chevron bone attached to the ventral surface of the centrum.

(m)Dorsal tubercle – They are present between two siphons where peripharyngeal band meet with dorsal lamina.

(n)Uropygeal gland- The uropygeal gland is a prominent swelling at the rump. It is best developed in aquatic birds.

(o)Gastralia – In the ventral abdominal region, left unprotected by sternum and ribs, a series of skeletal structures known as Gastralia (“Abdominal ribs”) is found in Stegocephalia, Sphenodon, some lizards, Crocodilian etc.

(p)Scroll valve - In scoliodon, the internal surface of intestine is increased by a characteristic fold of the mucous membrane, the scroll valve, having one edge attached to the inner wall of intestine and other rolled up longitudinally on itself into a scroll. >>>Function – They serve not only to increase extent of absorptive surface of intestine but also prevents the rapid flow of food through the intestine.

(q)Bursa Fabrici – The role of thymus in most young birds is supplemented by the bursa of fabricus, a lymphoid organ that arises as a mid-dorsal evagination of the embryonic cloaca and extends into pelvic cavity, where it is sandwiched between large intestine and the synsacrum.

(r)Organs of Jacobson’s – In reptiles, the organs of Jacobson are well developed sac-like chambers lying below the nasal cavity but above the buccal cavity.

(s)Bidder’s Organ – The embryonic testis of anurans is sub-divided into an anterior part caller Bidder’s organ that usually disappears before sexual maturity and a more caudal portion which becomes the adult testis. Bidder’s organ persists in adult male toads an contains large undifferentiated cells resembling immature ova. If the testis is removed experimentally Bidder’s organs develop into functional ovaries. (t)Gubernaculum – The caudal pole of each embryonic testis is connected by a ligament called gubernaculum to a shallow evagination of coelom which becomes the scrotal sac. (u)Fovea centralis – The fovea centralis lies at the posterior end of eye ball on the main visual axis.

(v)Preen gland – On the dorsal surface of the uropygium is a papilla bearing on its summit the opening of a preen, coccygeal or oil-gland.

(w)Red gland - The lining of the anterior chamber is modified to form a unique red gland from the red body, it has densely arranged blood capillaries. (x)Hatschek’s nephridium – The preoral pit also give rise to Hatschek’s nephridium, a narrow ciliated tube which opens into the anterior part of the pharynx and runs forwards to terminate blindly in the roof of the oral hood.

(y)Psalterium (z)Cisterna chili – It is also known as receptaculum, it is located at the lower end of the thoracic duct, below the diaphragm in fishes.

(1)Retractor bulbii

(2)Cavernous urethra

(3)Ampulla of Lorenzini – >>>Function- They has cells which secrete jelly filling ampullary tubules and also have cells with sense hairs forming receptor cells.

(4)Eustachian tube – >>>Function – It ensures that the air pressure on both sides of the ear drum will be the same.

(5)Pecten - >>>Function – They may be nutritive in function or may regulate pressure of fluids within eye.

(6)Vibrissae – >>>Function – They are tactile hairs. These hairs are stiff, long and sensory in function.

(7)Hatschek’s pit – >>>Function – It is a glandular groove which secrete mucus.

(8)

(9)

(c) Distinguish between:

(1)Chromatophores and Iridocytes

(2)Synarthrosis and Diarthrosis

(3)Mesoxonic foot and Paraxonic foot

(4)Durophagus and Sanguininoma

(5)Catadromous fishes and anadromous fishes

(6)Bunodont and Lophodont

(7)Air bladder and Air sacs

(8)Schizognathus and Desmognathus

(9)Supination and Pronation (10)Acoelous and Amphicoelous vertebra

(11)Ductus caroticus and ductus botallii

(12)Phygostomous and Phygoclistous swim bladder

(13)Palaeoniscoid and Lepidosteiod scales

(14)Nail and Hoof

(15)Anapsid and Diapsid

(16)Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla

(17)Chordata and Vertebrata

(18)Amphicoelus and Heterocoelus centra

(19)Bunodont and Solenodont

(20)Shark and Ray

(21)Branchial and Pulmonary heart

(21)Parotid and Parotoid gland

(22)Lamelliform and Filliform gills

(23)Procoelous and Heterocoelous vertebrae

(24)Nail and claw

(25)Clinging feet and climbing feet in birds

(26)Barble and Barbule

(27)Diaphysis and epiphysis

(28)Zeugopodium and Autopodium

(29)Gill clefts and pharyngeal clefts

(30)Cowper’s gland and Bartholin’s gland

(31)Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct

(32)Amphistylic and autostylic jaw suspensorium

(33)Ammocoete and Axolotl larva

(34)Neuropore and Neurentric canal

(35)Jacobson’s organs Muller’s organ

(36)Altitudinal and Latitudinal migration

(37)Parapsid and Synapsid skull

(38)Gasserian ganglion and geniculate ganglion

(39)Arteries and Veins (40) (41) (42) (43)

(d) Classify the following up to orders:

(1)Prestes

(2)Ichthyophis

PHYLUM – Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata

CLASS – Amphibia

SUBCLASS – Lepospondyli

ORDER – Apoda

(3)Gaviates

(4)Herpestes

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata

CLASS – Mammalia

SUBCLASS –

ORDER –

(5)Petromyzon

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Agnatha

CLASS – Cyclostomata

ORDER – Petromyzontia

(6)Viper

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata

CLASS – Reptilia

SUBCLASS – Lepidosauria

ORDER – Squamata

SUBORDER – Ophidia

(7)Hemirhamphus

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata

SERIES – Pisces

CLASS –Osteichthyes

SUBCLASS – Actinopterygii

SUPERORDER – Teleostei

ORDER - Polypterifomes

(8)Doliolum

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Urochordata

CLASS – Thaliacea

ORDER –Cyclomyaria

(9)Hedgehog

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata

CLASS – Mammalia

SUBCLASS – Theria

INFRACLASS - Eutheria

ORDER – Insectivora

(10)Psittacula

PHYLUM –Chordata

SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata

SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata

CLASS – Aves

SUBCLASS – Neornithes

SUPERORDER – Neognathae

ORDER - Psittaciformes

(11)Botryllus

PHYLUM – Chordata

SUB PHYLUM – Urochordata

CLASS – Ascidiacea

ORDER – Ascidiae composite