QUESTION PAPERS(Chordata)
QUESTION PAPERS
B. Sc. (Hons.) / II
ZOOLOGY – Paper – III
[Chordata(Objective)]
[Year = 1999- 2009]
Q1. (a) Define:
(1)Ankylosis
(2)Monophyodont dentition
(3)Parallelism
(4)Carnasial tooth
(5)Unguligrade
(6)Blubber
(7)Mesovarium
(8)Red gland
(9)Zygosphene
(10)Retrices
(11) Neoteny
(12)Stomochord
(13)Pterylosis
(14)Vermiform appendix
(15)Ovoviviparity
(16)Feather germ
(17)Mullerian duct
(18)Psalterium
(19)Ductus botalli
(20)Cloacal bladder
(21)Heterotrophic bones
(22)Lanugo hair
(23)Wharton’s duct
(24)Foramen Panizzae
(25)Diastema
(26)Dicynodontia
(27)Grey ramus
(28)Holocrine
(29)Solenocytes
(30)Catadromous fishes
(31)Splanchnocranium
(32)Gastoreceptors
(33)Holobranch
(b) State the exact location and one function of each of the following:
(a)Ceratotrichia
(b)Pygal plate
(c)Sesamoid bone
(d)Intercentrum
(e)Organ of corti
(f)Foramen Panizzae
(g)Wheel organ
(h)Rete mirabile
(i)Columella
(j)Meibomian gland
(k)Solenocytes
(l)Chevron bone
(m)Dorsal tubercle
(n)Uropygeal gland
(o)Gastralia
(p)Scroll valve
(q)Bursa Fabrici
(r)Organs of Jacobson’s
(s)Bidder’s Organ
(t)Gubernaculum
(u)Fovea centralis
(v)Preen gland
(w)Red gland
(x)Hatschek’s nephridium
(y)Psalterium
(z)Cisterna chili
(1)Retractor bulbii
(2)Cavernous urethra
(3)Ampulla of Lorenzini
(4)Eustachian tube
(5)Pecten
(6)Vibrissae
(7)Hatschek’s pit
(8)
(9)
(c) Distinguish between:
(1)Chromatophores and Iridocytes
(2)Synarthrosis and Diarthrosis
(3)Mesoxonic foot and Paraxonic foot
(4)Durophagus and Sanguininoma
(5)Catadromous fishes and Anadromous fishes
(6)Bunodont and Lophodont
(7)Air bladder and Air sacs
(8)Schizognathus and Desmognathus
(9)Supination and Pronation
(10)Acoelous and Amphicoelous vertebra
(11)Ductus caroticus and ductus botallii
(12)Phygostomous and Phygoclistous swim bladder
(13)Palaeoniscoid and Lepidosteiod scales
(14)Nail and Hoof
(15)Anapsid and Diapsid
(16)Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla
(17)Chordata and Vertebrata
(18)Amphicoelus and Heterocoelus centra
(19)Bunodont and Solenodont
(20)Shark and Ray
(21)Branchial and Pulmonary heart
(21)Parotid and Parotoid gland
(22)Lamelliform and Filliform gills
(23)Procoelous and Heterocoelous vertebrae
(24)Nail and claw
(25)Clinging feet and climbing feet in birds
(26)Barble and Barbule
(27)Diaphysis and epiphysis
(28)Zeugopodium and Autopodium
(29)Gill clefts and pharyngeal clefts
(30)Cowper’s gland and Bartholin’s gland
(31)Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct
(32)Amphistylic and autostylic jaw suspensorium
(33)Ammocoete and Axolotel larva
(34)Neuropore and Neurentric canal
(35)Jacobson’s organs Muller’s organ
(36)Altitudinal and Latitudinal migration
(37)Parapsid and Synapsid skull
(38)Gasserian ganglion and Geniculate ganglion
(39)Arteries and Veins
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(d) Classify the following up to orders:
(1)Prestes
(2)Ichthyophis
(3)Gaviates
(4)Herpestes
(5)Petromyzon
(6)Viper
(7)Hemirhamphus
(8)Doliolum
(9)Hedgehog
(10)Psittacula
(11)Botryllus
(12)Draco
(13)Shark
(14)Cobra
(15)Limbless amphibian
(16)Duck
(17)Cat fish
(18)Lamprey
(19)Sea horse
(20)Sea snake
(21)Wood pecker
(22)Shrew
(23)King of Herrings
(24)Mud cell
(25)Peacock
(26)Spiny ant-eater
(27) Acorn worm
(28)Mud puppy
(29)Flamingo
(30)Owl
(31)Hemidactylus
(32)Anabas
(33)Torpedo
(34)Congo eel
(35)Talpa
(36)Alytes
(37)Sorex
(38)
(39)
(40)
ANSWERS
(1)Ankylosis – If the suture between two bones has been obliterated during development the condition is ankylosis.
(2)Monophyodont dentition – A few mammals develop only a first set i.e. only permanent teeth.
(3)Parallelism
(4)Carnasial tooth – It is the 4th premolar in canines.
(5)Unguligrade – Ungulates are unguligrade i.e. elevated on the tips of toes terminating in hoofs. Ex. Horse
(6)Blubber – In Whales and Seals stored sub dermal fat forms extensive blanket of considerable thickness called blubber.
(7)Mesovarium – Ovaries are attached to the dorsal body wall by double folds of peritoneum called mesovaria.
(8)Red gland – The lining of the anterior chamber is modified to form a unique red gland from the red body, it has densely arranged blood capillaries.
(9)Zygosphene – In Snakes and some lizards in addition to zygapophyses there is a special pair of apophyses called zygosphenes fitting into concavities called zygantra.
(10)Retrices – The quill feathers occurring around the uropygium to form the tail of Pigeon are called tail-quills or retrices.
(11) Neoteny – Larva doesn’t change into adult but remains in larval forms and becomes sexually mature. Ex. Axolotl larva.
(12)Stomochord – Enteropneusts have a short diverticulum of the foregut, the stomochord extending forward in the proboscis.
(13)Pterylosis – In Columba, a special tuft of feathers on the anterior border of the wing, arising from the pollex forms, the bustard wing. The spaces which would otherwise be left between the bases of the remiges are filled in, both above and lower wing coverts. In the tail, there are 12 long retrices or tail quills. There bases are covered with wing coverts. The whole feather arrangement is known as pterylosis.
14) Vermiform appendix – The caecum leads into a blindly ending finger-like tube, about 4-inches long and thick-walled known as vermiform appendix.
(15)Ovoviviparity – Some lizards and snakes are ovoviviparous in which development takes place within a thin membranous egg shell in the oviduct, the eggs are laid when the young are nearly ready to hatch.
(16)Feather germ – Feathers arises from papillae. The papillae become sunk in a sac the feathers-follicle from which it protrudes as an elongated feather germ.
(17)Mullerian duct – In female anamniotes a coelomic funnel grows back to form a groove which becomes closed to form a tube known as oviduct or mullerian duct which lies on outer side of mesonephric duct
(18)Psalterium – The two corpora striata are joined by anterior commissure and two hippocampi by a median hippocampal commissure which is often called a psalterium.
(19)Ductus botallii – The portion of 6th aortic arch between the pulmonary artery and lateral dorsal aorta is known as ductus botallii.
(20)Cloacal bladder – It occurs in Dipnoans, amphibians. It is a diverticulum of cloacal wall opposite the point where urinary ducts enter.
(21)Heterotrophic bones – In some animals certain bones may be present which do not belong either to the dermal skeleton or to the endoskeleton, they are known as heterotrophic bones.
(22)Lanugo hair - During the eighth foetal month, a transient coat of delicate embryonic fur called lanugo clothes covers the entire body with the exception of lips, palms, soles, nails etc.
(23)Wharton’s duct- At the widest part of the frenulum linguae, near the lower median incisor teeth on either side are the openings of Wharton’s duct that drain the sub maxillary salivary glands.
(24)Foramen Panizzae – An opening, the foramen panizzae is present in Crocodilians which connects right and left systemic trunk at their base and blood can be shunted between these vessels at that location.
(25)Diastema – Canine teeth are absent in rodents and lagomorphs and so there is tooth-less interval or diastema between last incisor and the first cheek tooth. Ex. Rabbit
(26)Dicynodontia – It is sub order included in order Therapsida of sub class Synapsida belonging to class Reptilia.
(27)Grey ramus
(28)Holocrine – Glandular cells die after discharging their secretions. Therefore cells are continuously produced. Ex. Sebaceous glands.
(29)Solenocytes – Each protonephridium consists of cluster of solenocytes that project into the coelom and of a chamber.
(30)Catadromous fishes – Those fishes which migrate from rivers to sea are known as catadromous fishes. Ex. Eel
(31)Splanchnocranium –
(32)Gastoreceptors
(33)Holobranch
(b)State the exact location and one function of each of the following:
(a)Ceratotrichia – The skeleton of two dorsal and the median ventral fins consists of a series of cartilaginous rods called somactids bearing distally a double series of numerous horny fins rays or ceratotrichia.
(b) Pygal plate
(c)Sesamoid bone – Four small sesamoid bones embedded in tendon are regularly present on the palmar side of the hand. Two are at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of thumb, while one each is at metacarpo-phalangeal joint of index and of little finger.
(d)Intercentrum - In tetrapoda, the perichordal mesenchyme forms four embryonic cartilage, out of which is a pair of ventral intercentrum incorporating the basiventrals.
(e)Organ of corti- In mammals, the cells on the basilar membrane forms a complicated organ of corti having pillar-like supporting cells.
(f)Foramen Panizzae- An opening, the foramen panizzae is present in Crocodilians which connects right and left systemic trunk at their base.
(g)Wheel organ – In Amphioxus, at the anterior end, guarding the mouth is a circle of bristle-like cirri attached to the edge of buccel funnel within which is a whirlpool of cilia, the wheel organ.
(h)Rete mirabile – In physoclistous fishes, the entire posterior chamber is lined with a thin epithelium beneath which is a capillary network, the rete mirabile.
(i)Columella – In amphibians, instead of three ear bones only a single rod-like columella is present extending from ear drum directly to fundus ovalis.
(j)Meibomian gland – Between the outer skin and inner conjunctiva palpebrarum each eye lid is supported by tarsal plate containing numerous meibomian glands. >>>Function- They produce an oily secretion which forms a film over the lacrimal fluid or tears holding them evenly on the surface of the eye ball, keeping the eye moist.
(k)Solenocytes - Each protonephridium consists of cluster of solenocytes that project into the coelom and of a chamber.
(l)Chevron bone – In Varanus, the most characteristic feature of anterior caudal vertebra is the presence of Y-shaped chevron bone attached to the ventral surface of the centrum.
(m)Dorsal tubercle – They are present between two siphons where peripharyngeal band meet with dorsal lamina.
(n)Uropygeal gland- The uropygeal gland is a prominent swelling at the rump. It is best developed in aquatic birds.
(o)Gastralia – In the ventral abdominal region, left unprotected by sternum and ribs, a series of skeletal structures known as Gastralia (“Abdominal ribs”) is found in Stegocephalia, Sphenodon, some lizards, Crocodilian etc.
(p)Scroll valve - In scoliodon, the internal surface of intestine is increased by a characteristic fold of the mucous membrane, the scroll valve, having one edge attached to the inner wall of intestine and other rolled up longitudinally on itself into a scroll. >>>Function – They serve not only to increase extent of absorptive surface of intestine but also prevents the rapid flow of food through the intestine.
(q)Bursa Fabrici – The role of thymus in most young birds is supplemented by the bursa of fabricus, a lymphoid organ that arises as a mid-dorsal evagination of the embryonic cloaca and extends into pelvic cavity, where it is sandwiched between large intestine and the synsacrum.
(r)Organs of Jacobson’s – In reptiles, the organs of Jacobson are well developed sac-like chambers lying below the nasal cavity but above the buccal cavity.
(s)Bidder’s Organ – The embryonic testis of anurans is sub-divided into an anterior part caller Bidder’s organ that usually disappears before sexual maturity and a more caudal portion which becomes the adult testis. Bidder’s organ persists in adult male toads an contains large undifferentiated cells resembling immature ova. If the testis is removed experimentally Bidder’s organs develop into functional ovaries.
(t)Gubernaculum – The caudal pole of each embryonic testis is connected by a ligament called gubernaculum to a shallow evagination of coelom which becomes the scrotal sac.
(u)Fovea centralis – The fovea centralis lies at the posterior end of eye ball on the main visual axis.
(v)Preen gland – On the dorsal surface of the uropygium is a papilla bearing on its summit the opening of a preen, coccygeal or oil-gland.
(w)Red gland - The lining of the anterior chamber is modified to form a unique red gland from the red body, it has densely arranged blood capillaries.
(x)Hatschek’s nephridium – The preoral pit also give rise to Hatschek’s nephridium, a narrow ciliated tube which opens into the anterior part of the pharynx and runs forwards to terminate blindly in the roof of the oral hood.
(y)Psalterium (z)Cisterna chili – It is also known as receptaculum, it is located at the lower end of the thoracic duct, below the diaphragm in fishes.
(1)Retractor bulbii
(2)Cavernous urethra
(3)Ampulla of Lorenzini – >>>Function- They has cells which secrete jelly filling ampullary tubules and also have cells with sense hairs forming receptor cells.
(4)Eustachian tube – >>>Function – It ensures that the air pressure on both sides of the ear drum will be the same.
(5)Pecten - >>>Function – They may be nutritive in function or may regulate pressure of fluids within eye.
(6)Vibrissae – >>>Function – They are tactile hairs. These hairs are stiff, long and sensory in function.
(7)Hatschek’s pit – >>>Function – It is a glandular groove which secrete mucus.
(8)
(9)
(c) Distinguish between:
(1)Chromatophores and Iridocytes
| Chromatophores | Iridocytes |
| In the dermis they are derived from neural crest cells. | They lie in the dermis and cause iridescence. |
| They contain pigments which not only produce colors but also cause variations of colors. | |
| They have several branching processes when pigment granules are concentrated in center color becomes light but if they are dispersed color displayed is greatest. | They reflect light from guanin crystals to produce white or silvery color if iridocytes are below the scales, if they are above the scales they form iridescent blues. |
(2)Synarthrosis and Diarthrosis
| Synarthrosis | Diarthrosis |
| Joints which are rigid, immovable joint are known as Synarthrosis joints. | Freely movable joints are known as Diarthrosis joints. |
| Such joints are found between skull bones characterized by edge-to-edge sutures. | Such joints include hinge joints as at the elbow and knee and ball an socket joints as at shoulder or hip. |
(3)Mesoxonic foot and Paraxonic foot
| Mesoxonic foot | Paraxonic foot |
| In the evolutionary line leading to Perissodactyls, the body weight increasingly tended to be borne on digit III, the middle digit. | In the line leading to Artiodactyls the weight of the body tended to distributed equally between digits III and IV. |
| No cloven hoof is present. | This give rise to cloven hoof. |
| Ex. Horse | Ex. Camel |
(4)Durophagus and Sanguininoma
(5)Catadromous fishes and anadromous fishes
| Catadromous fishes | Anadromous fishes |
| Those fishes which migrate from freshwater to sea are known as catadromous fishes | Those fishes which migrate from sea towards river or streams are known as anadromous fishes. |
| Ex. Eel | Ex. Salmon |
(6)Bunodont and Lophodont
| Bunodont | Lophodont |
| They have small, separate and rounded cusps for grinding. | They have cusps that join to formed ridges called lophs. |
| Ex. Man, Monkey | Ex. Elephants |
(7)Air bladder and Air sacs
| Air bladder | Air sacs |
| They are found in bony fishes. | They are found in birds and reptiles. |
| It is a gas-filled diverticulum which arises from pharyngeal region or oesophageal region of digestive tract. | They are thin-walled, distanceable diverticula of lung. |
| It performs various functions such as respiration, hydrostalsis, sound production etc. | They are thermo-regulatory, dissipating excess of heat during flight. |
(8)Schizognathus and Desmognathus
(9)Supination and Pronation
| Supination | Pronation |
| In supination, radius and ulna are parallel. | In pronation, radius and ulna are crossed. |
| Due to this, the hand is palm up in a attitude of supplication. | Due to this, the palm of the hand is turned down. |
(10)Acoelous and Amphicoelous vertebra
| Acoelous vertebra | Amphicoelous vertebra |
| Both the surfaces of the centrum are nearly flattened. | Both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the centrum are concave. |
| Ex. In vertebrae of fishes. | Ex. Vertebrae of mammals |
(11)Ductus caroticus and ductus botallii
| Ductus caroticus | Ductus botallii |
| The lateral dorsal aortae between the 3rd and 4th aortic arches persist and each is known as ductus caroticus. | The portion of the 6th aortic arch between the pulmonary artery and lateral dorsal aorta is known as ductus botalii. |
| When ductus caroticus disappears, the blood flows directly to the brain from 3rd segment. | When ductus botalii disappears the blood flows directly to the lungs and skin for purification from 6th segment. |
(12)Phygostomous and Phygoclistous swim bladder
| Phygostomous swim bladder | Phygoclistous swim bladder |
| Pneumatic duct present which connects swim bladder with digestive tract. | Pneumatic duct is completely closed. |
| Rete mirabile are absent. | Rete mirabile are present. |
| Excess of gas produced by red gland escapes through pneumatic duct. Ex. Eel, Pickerel | Excess of gas generated in red gland is absorbed directly into blood. Ex. Polypterus |
(13)Palaeoniscoid and Lepidosteiod scales
(14)Nail and Hoof
| Nail | Hoof |
| Nails are found in primates. | Hoofs are found in ungulates. |
| The dorsal unguis is large and flat and sub unguis is much reduced. | The unguis is thick and curved all around the end of the digit and I encloses the sub unguis. |
(15)Anapsid and Diapsid
| Anapsid | Diapsid |
| When there is no temporal arch, the skull is anapsid. | When there are two arches i.e. superior and inferior temporal fossa, the skull is diapsid. |
| Ex. Stem reptiles | Ex. Crocodilians, Sphenodon |
(16)Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla
| Perissodactyla | Artiodactyla |
| Larged sized hoofed mammals. | Terrestrial and semi-aquatic mammals. |
| The middle digit of fore and hind limbs is pre-eminent and carrier most o the weight. | Fore and hind limbs bear two rarely four digits. |
| Teeth are lophodont. | Teeth are bunodont. |
| Ex. Equas (Horse), Rhinoceros | Ex. Hippopotamus (Horse of river) |
(17)Chordata and Vertebrata
| Chordata | Vertebrata |
| It includes animals with backbone i.e. vertebrates along with few closely related animals not having backbone. | It includes only those animals which have backbone. |
| Pharyngeal gill slits are present. | Modified pharyngeal gill slits present. |
(18)Amphicoelus and Heterocoelus centra
| Amphicoelus centra | Heterocoelus centra |
| Both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the centrum are concave. | The anterior face of centrum is convex dorso-ventrally and posterior face being concave dorso-ventrally. |
| Ex. Vertebrae of fishes and 8th vertebrae of frog | Vertebrae of birds. |
(19)Bunodont and Solenodont
| Bunodont | Solenodont |
| They have small, separate and rounded cusps for grinding. | They have pointed cusps forming sharp cutting crowns for tearing and cutting flesh. |
| Ex. Man, monkeys | Ex. Carnivorous animals |
(20)Shark and Ray
| Shark | Ray |
| Body is elongated reaching a length of 5-7 metres. | Body is dorso-ventrally flattened. |
| 5-7 pairs of gill slits are present and are covered by an operculum. | 5 gill slits are present ventrally. |
| Spiracle is present anterior to 1st gill. | Spiracle is present dorsally. |
| Electric organ is absent. | Electric organ is present. |
| Tail is heterocercal. | Tail is long, whip-like. |
| Ex. Stegostoma (tiger-shark) | Ex. Trygon (sting ray) |
(21)Branchial and Pulmonary heart
| Branchial heart | Pulmonary heart |
| Found in fishes. | Found in tetrapoda. |
| The heart contains only venous blood and there is a single circulation in which blood passes only once through the heart. | There is double circulation through the heart, once an oxygenated blood stream coming to heart and once a deoxygenated blood stream from great veins. |
| No interauricular septum is present. | Interauricular septum is present which divide atrium into left and right auricle. |
(21)Parotid and Parotoid gland
| Parotid gland | Parotoid gland |
| The parotid duct crosses the masseter muscle under the skin of the cheek and opens into oral vestibule opposite one of upper molar teeth. | A prominent granular gland is located just behind the eye. |
| In mammals, it secretes Ptyalin and in reptiles it secretes poison. | It produce irritating or toxic alkaloids. |
(22)Lamelliform and Filliform gills
(23)Procoelous and Heterocoelous vertebrae
| Procoelous vertebrae | Heterocoelous vertebrae |
| The centrum is concave in front and convex behind. | The anterior face of centrum is convex dorso-ventrally and posterior face being concave dorso-ventrally. |
| Ex. Typical vertebrae of frog. | Ex. Vertebrae of birds. |
(24)Nail and claw
| Nail | Claw |
| Nails are found in primates. | Claws are found in reptiles, birds etc. |
| Dorsal unguis is large and flat and sub unguis is much reduced. | It is made of a hard dorsal scale-like plate called unguis and a relatively soft ventral sub unguis. |
(25)Clinging feet and climbing feet in birds
| Clinging feet in birds | Climbing feet in birds |
| All four toes are directed forwards. | 1st and 4th toe is directed forwards. |
| Foot modified for clinging on barks of trees or any vertical surface while feeding. | Foot modified for grasping and adapted for climbing on vertical surfaces of trees and walls. |
(26)Barble and Barbule
| Barble | Barbule |
| They are excellent tactile organs in some Teleostomi. | Each lateral half of feather vane consists o narrow, closely spaced parallel thread the barbs having interlocking barbules. |
(27)Diaphysis and epiphysis
| Diaphysis | Epiphysis |
| The middle shaft of a bone is diaphysis where cartilage replacement by bone first starts. | The secondary center of ossification on the end of a bone. |
(28)Zeugopodium and Autopodium
| Zeugopodium | Autopodium |
| It is the middle-limb region. | It is the distal end of the limb. |
| It has two internal supportive elements ulna and radius of the forearm, tibia & fibula of the shank. | It consists of numerous elements composing the wrist and ankle which in turn support their respective digits. |
(29)Gill clefts and pharyngeal clefts
(30)Cowper’s gland and Bartholin’s gland
(31)Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct
| Mullerian duct | Wolffian duct |
| It is a female genital organ. | It is a male genital organ. |
| In female anamniotes, a coelomic funnel form a groove which becomes closed to form a tube known as oviduct or mullerian duct. | The vasa deferentia or Wolffian duct are narrow tubes running backwards from testes along dorsal body wall. |
(32)Amphistylic and autostylic jaw suspensorium
| Amphistylic jaw suspensorium | Autostylic jaw suspensorium |
| The upper jaw has basal and ootic processes which are attached by ligaments to chondrocranium. | The upper jaw is completely fused by its processes to the bony skull and lower jaw is suspended from upper jaw. |
| In addition, the hyomandibular of the hyoid arch is attached to the chondrocranium. | Support from the hyomandibular is not needed. |
| Ex. In primitive shark Heptanchus. | Ex. Some bony fishes and tetrapods. |
(33)Ammocoete and Axolotl larva
| Ammocoete larva | Axolotl larva |
| They hatches out of the egg of Petromyzon. | It is the larva of Ambystoma tigrium. |
| 7 pairs of gill slits are present. | 3pairs of external gills are present. |
| It undergo metamorphosis and changes into adult. | Exhibits phenomenon of neoteny.Fail to metamorphose because of environmental conditions. |
(34)Neuropore and Neurentric canal
(35)Jacobson’s organs Muller’s organ
(36)Altitudinal and Latitudinal migration
(37)Parapsid and Synapsid skull
(38)Gasserian ganglion and geniculate ganglion
(39)Arteries and Veins (40) (41) (42) (43)
(d) Classify the following up to orders:
(1)Prestes
(2)Ichthyophis
PHYLUM – Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata
CLASS – Amphibia
SUBCLASS – Lepospondyli
ORDER – Apoda
(3)Gaviates
(4)Herpestes
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata
CLASS – Mammalia
SUBCLASS –
ORDER –
(5)Petromyzon
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Agnatha
CLASS – Cyclostomata
ORDER – Petromyzontia
(6)Viper
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata
CLASS – Reptilia
SUBCLASS – Lepidosauria
ORDER – Squamata
SUBORDER – Ophidia
(7)Hemirhamphus
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata
SERIES – Pisces
CLASS –Osteichthyes
SUBCLASS – Actinopterygii
SUPERORDER – Teleostei
ORDER - Polypterifomes
(8)Doliolum
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Urochordata
CLASS – Thaliacea
ORDER –Cyclomyaria
(9)Hedgehog
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata
CLASS – Mammalia
SUBCLASS – Theria
INFRACLASS - Eutheria
ORDER – Insectivora
(10)Psittacula
PHYLUM –Chordata
SUB PHYLUM –Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS –Gnathostomata
CLASS – Aves
SUBCLASS – Neornithes
SUPERORDER – Neognathae
ORDER - Psittaciformes
(11)Botryllus
PHYLUM – Chordata
SUB PHYLUM – Urochordata
CLASS – Ascidiacea
ORDER – Ascidiae composite
